Solution Manual for
j j
Statistics for Nursingj j
j Research A j
j Workbookfor j
j Evidence-Based
j Practice 3rd Edition
j j
j Susan Grove Daisha
j j
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
j j j j j j
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels j
j
j
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
j j
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
j j
j
j
1
The jquestions jare jin jbold jfollowed jby janswers.
1. In jTable j1, jidentify jthe jlevel jof jmeasurement jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable. jProvide ja
jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jwas jmeasured jat jthe jnominal jlevel. jThese jdrug
jcategoriesjwere jprobably jdeveloped jto jbe jexhaustive jfor jthis jstudy jand jincluded jthe jcategories jof
jdrugs jthe jsubjects jwere jreceiving. jHowever, jthe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince jpatients jare
jusually jon jmore jthan jone jcategory jof jthese jdrugs jto jmanage jtheir jhealth jproblems. jThe jcurrent
jtherapies jare jnot jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel jbecause jthey jcannot jbe jrank jordered, jsince jno jdrug
jcategory jcan jbe jconsidered jmore jor jless jbeneficial jthan janother jdrug jcategory j(see jFigure j1-1;
jGrove j& jGray, j2019).
2. What j is j the j mode j for j the j current j therapy j variable j in j this j study? j Provide j a j rationale
j forjyour janswer.
Answer: j The j mode j for j current j therapy j was j β jblocker. j A j total j of j 100 j (94%) j of j the j cardiac j patients
were j receiving j this j category j of j drug, j which j was j the j most j common j prescribed j drug j for
j thisjsample.
3. What jstatistics jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jthe jBMI jof jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis
jsample?jDiscuss jwhether jthese janalysis jtechniques jwere jappropriate jor jinappropriate.
Answer: j BMI j was j described j with j a j mean j and j standard j deviation j (SD). j BMI j measurement
j resulted jin jratio-level jdata jwith jcontinuous jvalues jand jan jabsolute jzero j(Stone j& jFrazier, j2017).
jRatio- jlevel jdata jshould jbe janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics jsuch jas jthe jmean jand jSD j(Grove j&
jGray,j2017; jKnapp, j2017).
4. Researchers jused jthe jfollowing jitem jto jmeasure jregistered jnurses’ j(RNs) jincome jin ja
jstudy:jWhat jcategory jidentifies jyour jcurrent jincome jas jan jRN?
a. j Less jthan j$50,000
b. j $50,000 jto j59,999
c. j $60,000 jto j69,999
d. j $70,000 jto j80,000
e. j $80,000 jor jgreater
What j level j of j measurement j is j this j income j variable? j Does j the j income j variable j follow
j the jrules joutlined jin jFigure j1-1? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jIn jthis jexample, jthe jincome jvariable jis jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel. jThe jincome jcatego-
jries jare jexhaustive, jranging jfrom jless jthan j$50,000 jto jgreater jthan j$80,000. jThe jtwo jopen-ended
AG j1-1
,AG j1-2 Answer j Guidelines j for j Questions j to j Be j Graded
categories jensure jthat jall jsalary jlevels jare jcovered. jThe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince jcatego-
jries j(d) jand j(e) jinclude jan j$80,000 jsalary, jso jstudy jparticipants jmaking j$80,000 jmight jmark
jeither j (d) j or j (e) j or j both j categories, j resulting j in j erroneous j data. j Category j (e) j could j be
j changed jto jgreater jthan j$80,000, jmaking jthe jcategories jexclusive. jThe jcategories jcan jbe jrank
jordered jfrom jthe jlowest jsalary jto jthe jhighest jsalary, jwhich jis jconsistent jwith jordinal jdata
j(Grove j& jGray, j2019; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthe jCDS jscore? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jCDS jscore jis jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement. jThe jCDS jis ja j26-item jLikert
jscale jdeveloped jto jmeasure jdepression jin jcardiac jpatients. jStudy jparticipants jrated jtheir jsymp-
jtoms jon ja jscale jof j1 jto j7, jwith jhigher jnumbers jindicating jincreased jseverity jin jthe jdepression
jsymptoms. jThe jtotal jscores jfor jeach jsubject jobtained jfrom jthis jmulti-item jscale jare jconsidered
jto jbe jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement j(Gray jet jal., j2017; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
6. Were jnonparametric jor jparametric janalysis jtechniques jused jto janalyze jthe jCDS jscores
jforjthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jParametric jstatistics, jsuch jas j mean j and j SD, j were j conducted j to j describe j CDS
j scores jfor jstudy jparticipants j(see jTable j1). jCDS jscores jare jinterval-level jdata jas jindicated jin
jQuestions j5, jso jparametric jstatistics jare jappropriate jfor jthis jlevel jof jdata j(Gray jet jal., j2017; jKim j&
jMallory, j2017).
7. Is jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jlinked jto jthe jNYHA jclass? jDiscuss jthe jclinical jimportance
jof jthis jresult.
Answer: jThe jstudy jnarrative jindicated jthat jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jincreased jwith jthe
jgreater jNYHA jclass. jIn jNYHA jclass jIII, j64% jof jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed, jwhereas j11% jof
jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed jin jNYHA jclass jI. jThus, jas jthe jNYHA jclass jincreased, jthe jnumber jof
jsub- jjects jwith jdepression jincreased. jThis jis jan jexpected jfinding jbecause jas jthe jNYHA jclass
jincreases, jcardiac jpatients jhave jmore jsevere jphysical jsymptoms, jwhich jusually jresult jin jemotional
jdistress, jsuch j as j depression. j Nurses j need j to j actively j assess j cardiac j patients j for j depression,
j especially j thosejin jhigher jNYHA jclasses, jso jthey jmight jbe jdiagnosed jand jtreated jas jneeded.
8. What jfrequency jand jpercent jof jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy jwere jnot jbeing jtreated jwith
jan jantidepressant? jShow jyour jcalculations jand jround jyour janswer jto jthe jnearest jwhole
jpercent j(%).
Answer: jA jtotal j jof j j106 j jcardiac j jpatients j jparticipated j jin j jthis j jstudy. j jThe j jsample j jincluded
j15 jpatients jwho j were jreceiving jan jantidepressant j(see jTable j1). jThe j jnumber j jof j jcardiac
jpatients j not j treated j for j depression j was j 91 j (106 j – j 15 j = j 91). j The j group j percent j is
j calculated jby j the j following j formula: j (group j frequency j ÷ j total j sample j size) j × j 100%.
j For j this j study, j( 91 jpatients j÷ j106 jsample jsize) j× j100% j= j0.858 j× j100% j= j85.8% j= j86%.
jThe j jfinal janswer j is j rounded j to j the j nearest j whole j percent j as j directed j in j the j question.
j You j could j have jalso jsubtracted jthe j14% jof jpatients jtreated jwith jantidepressants jfrom j100%
jand jobtained jthe j86% j who j were j not j treated j with j an j antidepressant.
9. What jwas jthe jpurpose jof jthe j6-minute jwalk jtest j(6MWT)? jWould jthe j6MWT jbe juseful jin
jclinical jpractice?
Answer: jHa jet jal. j(2018) jstated, j“The j6-min jwalk jtest j(6MWT) jis ja jmeasure jof jthe
jsubmaximal, jsteady-state jfunctional jcapacity” jof jcardiac jpatients. jThis jtest jwould jbe ja jquick,
jeasy jway jto jdetermine ja jcardiac jpatient’s jfunctional jstatus jin ja jclinical j jsetting. j jThis j
jfunctional j jstatus jscore j could j be j used j to j determine j the j treatment j plan j to j promote j or
j maintain j functional j statusjof jcardiac jpatients.
, Answer j Guidelines j for j Questions j to j Be j Graded AG j1-3
10. How jwas jexercise jconfidence jmeasured jin jthis jstudy? jWhat jwas jthe jlevel jof
jmeasurement jfor jthe jexercise jconfidence jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor
jyour janswer. jAnswer: jExercise jconfidence jof jthe jpatients jwith jheart jfailure j(HF) jin jthis jstudy
jwas jmeasuredjwith jthe jExercise jConfidence jScale jthat jincluded jfour jsubscales jfocused jon
jwalking, jclimbing,jlifting j objects j of j graded j weight, j and j running j (see j the j study j narrative).
j This j was j a j rating j scalejwith jvalues jranging jfrom j0 jto j100. jThe jpatients’ jscores jfor jthe jTotal
jExercise jConfidence jscalejand j the j subscales j were j considered j interval-level j data j and
j analyzed j with j parametric j statistics, jsuch jas jmeans jand jSDs j(see jthe jstudy jnarrative; jWaltz jet
jal., j2017).
j j
Statistics for Nursingj j
j Research A j
j Workbookfor j
j Evidence-Based
j Practice 3rd Edition
j j
j Susan Grove Daisha
j j
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
j j j j j j
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels j
j
j
ofMeasurement: Nominal,
j j
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
j j
j
j
1
The jquestions jare jin jbold jfollowed jby janswers.
1. In jTable j1, jidentify jthe jlevel jof jmeasurement jfor jthe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable. jProvide ja
jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jcurrent jtherapy jvariable jwas jmeasured jat jthe jnominal jlevel. jThese jdrug
jcategoriesjwere jprobably jdeveloped jto jbe jexhaustive jfor jthis jstudy jand jincluded jthe jcategories jof
jdrugs jthe jsubjects jwere jreceiving. jHowever, jthe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince jpatients jare
jusually jon jmore jthan jone jcategory jof jthese jdrugs jto jmanage jtheir jhealth jproblems. jThe jcurrent
jtherapies jare jnot jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel jbecause jthey jcannot jbe jrank jordered, jsince jno jdrug
jcategory jcan jbe jconsidered jmore jor jless jbeneficial jthan janother jdrug jcategory j(see jFigure j1-1;
jGrove j& jGray, j2019).
2. What j is j the j mode j for j the j current j therapy j variable j in j this j study? j Provide j a j rationale
j forjyour janswer.
Answer: j The j mode j for j current j therapy j was j β jblocker. j A j total j of j 100 j (94%) j of j the j cardiac j patients
were j receiving j this j category j of j drug, j which j was j the j most j common j prescribed j drug j for
j thisjsample.
3. What jstatistics jwere jconducted jto jdescribe jthe jBMI jof jthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis
jsample?jDiscuss jwhether jthese janalysis jtechniques jwere jappropriate jor jinappropriate.
Answer: j BMI j was j described j with j a j mean j and j standard j deviation j (SD). j BMI j measurement
j resulted jin jratio-level jdata jwith jcontinuous jvalues jand jan jabsolute jzero j(Stone j& jFrazier, j2017).
jRatio- jlevel jdata jshould jbe janalyzed jwith jparametric jstatistics jsuch jas jthe jmean jand jSD j(Grove j&
jGray,j2017; jKnapp, j2017).
4. Researchers jused jthe jfollowing jitem jto jmeasure jregistered jnurses’ j(RNs) jincome jin ja
jstudy:jWhat jcategory jidentifies jyour jcurrent jincome jas jan jRN?
a. j Less jthan j$50,000
b. j $50,000 jto j59,999
c. j $60,000 jto j69,999
d. j $70,000 jto j80,000
e. j $80,000 jor jgreater
What j level j of j measurement j is j this j income j variable? j Does j the j income j variable j follow
j the jrules joutlined jin jFigure j1-1? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jIn jthis jexample, jthe jincome jvariable jis jmeasured jat jthe jordinal jlevel. jThe jincome jcatego-
jries jare jexhaustive, jranging jfrom jless jthan j$50,000 jto jgreater jthan j$80,000. jThe jtwo jopen-ended
AG j1-1
,AG j1-2 Answer j Guidelines j for j Questions j to j Be j Graded
categories jensure jthat jall jsalary jlevels jare jcovered. jThe jcategories jare jnot jexclusive, jsince jcatego-
jries j(d) jand j(e) jinclude jan j$80,000 jsalary, jso jstudy jparticipants jmaking j$80,000 jmight jmark
jeither j (d) j or j (e) j or j both j categories, j resulting j in j erroneous j data. j Category j (e) j could j be
j changed jto jgreater jthan j$80,000, jmaking jthe jcategories jexclusive. jThe jcategories jcan jbe jrank
jordered jfrom jthe jlowest jsalary jto jthe jhighest jsalary, jwhich jis jconsistent jwith jordinal jdata
j(Grove j& jGray, j2019; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
5. What jlevel jof jmeasurement jis jthe jCDS jscore? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jThe jCDS jscore jis jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement. jThe jCDS jis ja j26-item jLikert
jscale jdeveloped jto jmeasure jdepression jin jcardiac jpatients. jStudy jparticipants jrated jtheir jsymp-
jtoms jon ja jscale jof j1 jto j7, jwith jhigher jnumbers jindicating jincreased jseverity jin jthe jdepression
jsymptoms. jThe jtotal jscores jfor jeach jsubject jobtained jfrom jthis jmulti-item jscale jare jconsidered
jto jbe jat jthe jinterval jlevel jof jmeasurement j(Gray jet jal., j2017; jWaltz jet jal., j2017).
6. Were jnonparametric jor jparametric janalysis jtechniques jused jto janalyze jthe jCDS jscores
jforjthe jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor jyour janswer.
Answer: jParametric jstatistics, jsuch jas j mean j and j SD, j were j conducted j to j describe j CDS
j scores jfor jstudy jparticipants j(see jTable j1). jCDS jscores jare jinterval-level jdata jas jindicated jin
jQuestions j5, jso jparametric jstatistics jare jappropriate jfor jthis jlevel jof jdata j(Gray jet jal., j2017; jKim j&
jMallory, j2017).
7. Is jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jlinked jto jthe jNYHA jclass? jDiscuss jthe jclinical jimportance
jof jthis jresult.
Answer: jThe jstudy jnarrative jindicated jthat jthe jprevalence jof jdepression jincreased jwith jthe
jgreater jNYHA jclass. jIn jNYHA jclass jIII, j64% jof jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed, jwhereas j11% jof
jthe jsubjects jwere jdepressed jin jNYHA jclass jI. jThus, jas jthe jNYHA jclass jincreased, jthe jnumber jof
jsub- jjects jwith jdepression jincreased. jThis jis jan jexpected jfinding jbecause jas jthe jNYHA jclass
jincreases, jcardiac jpatients jhave jmore jsevere jphysical jsymptoms, jwhich jusually jresult jin jemotional
jdistress, jsuch j as j depression. j Nurses j need j to j actively j assess j cardiac j patients j for j depression,
j especially j thosejin jhigher jNYHA jclasses, jso jthey jmight jbe jdiagnosed jand jtreated jas jneeded.
8. What jfrequency jand jpercent jof jcardiac jpatients jin jthis jstudy jwere jnot jbeing jtreated jwith
jan jantidepressant? jShow jyour jcalculations jand jround jyour janswer jto jthe jnearest jwhole
jpercent j(%).
Answer: jA jtotal j jof j j106 j jcardiac j jpatients j jparticipated j jin j jthis j jstudy. j jThe j jsample j jincluded
j15 jpatients jwho j were jreceiving jan jantidepressant j(see jTable j1). jThe j jnumber j jof j jcardiac
jpatients j not j treated j for j depression j was j 91 j (106 j – j 15 j = j 91). j The j group j percent j is
j calculated jby j the j following j formula: j (group j frequency j ÷ j total j sample j size) j × j 100%.
j For j this j study, j( 91 jpatients j÷ j106 jsample jsize) j× j100% j= j0.858 j× j100% j= j85.8% j= j86%.
jThe j jfinal janswer j is j rounded j to j the j nearest j whole j percent j as j directed j in j the j question.
j You j could j have jalso jsubtracted jthe j14% jof jpatients jtreated jwith jantidepressants jfrom j100%
jand jobtained jthe j86% j who j were j not j treated j with j an j antidepressant.
9. What jwas jthe jpurpose jof jthe j6-minute jwalk jtest j(6MWT)? jWould jthe j6MWT jbe juseful jin
jclinical jpractice?
Answer: jHa jet jal. j(2018) jstated, j“The j6-min jwalk jtest j(6MWT) jis ja jmeasure jof jthe
jsubmaximal, jsteady-state jfunctional jcapacity” jof jcardiac jpatients. jThis jtest jwould jbe ja jquick,
jeasy jway jto jdetermine ja jcardiac jpatient’s jfunctional jstatus jin ja jclinical j jsetting. j jThis j
jfunctional j jstatus jscore j could j be j used j to j determine j the j treatment j plan j to j promote j or
j maintain j functional j statusjof jcardiac jpatients.
, Answer j Guidelines j for j Questions j to j Be j Graded AG j1-3
10. How jwas jexercise jconfidence jmeasured jin jthis jstudy? jWhat jwas jthe jlevel jof
jmeasurement jfor jthe jexercise jconfidence jvariable jin jthis jstudy? jProvide ja jrationale jfor
jyour janswer. jAnswer: jExercise jconfidence jof jthe jpatients jwith jheart jfailure j(HF) jin jthis jstudy
jwas jmeasuredjwith jthe jExercise jConfidence jScale jthat jincluded jfour jsubscales jfocused jon
jwalking, jclimbing,jlifting j objects j of j graded j weight, j and j running j (see j the j study j narrative).
j This j was j a j rating j scalejwith jvalues jranging jfrom j0 jto j100. jThe jpatients’ jscores jfor jthe jTotal
jExercise jConfidence jscalejand j the j subscales j were j considered j interval-level j data j and
j analyzed j with j parametric j statistics, jsuch jas jmeans jand jSDs j(see jthe jstudy jnarrative; jWaltz jet
jal., j2017).
