Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove &
Gray, 2019).
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
2017; Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
What category identifies your current income as an RN?
a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
AG 1-1
,AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,
so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
2017).
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac
patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated
by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,
(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final
answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have
also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the
86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
clinical practice?
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status
score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status
of cardiac patients.
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3
10. How awas aexercise aconfidence ameasured ain athis astudy? aWhat awas athe alevel aof
ameasurement afor athe aexercise aconfidence avariable ain athis astudy? aProvide aa
arationale afor ayour aanswer. aAnswer: aExercise aconfidence aof athe apatients awith aheart
afailure a(HF) ain athis astudy awas ameasured awith athe aExercise aConfidence aScale athat
aincluded afour asubscales afocused aon awalking, aclimbing, alifting aobjects aof agraded a weight,
aand arunning a(see athe astudy anarrative). aThis awas a a arating ascale awith avalues aranging
afrom a0 ato a100. aThe apatients’ ascores afor athe aTotal aExercise aConfidence ascale a and athe
asubscales a were a considered ainterval-level a data a and aanalyzed awith aparametric astatistics,
asuch aas ameans aand a SDs a(see athe a study a narrative; a Waltz a et a al., a2017).
Exercise a2: aIdentifying aProbability aand aNonprobability aSampling aMethods ain aStudies
1. Probability, asimple arandom asampling. aEach adepartment awas ain athe atarget awas
aidentified aby aa anumber athat ahad abeen aselected afrom aa arandom anumbers atable.
2. Yes, athe asample ais arepresentative. aProbability asampling aallows aevery aperson aor aelement
aof athe astudy apopulation ato abe arepresented awithout aresearcher abias aand aminimizes
asampling aerror.
3. Nonprobability, aconvenience asampling. aIn aconvenience asampling, asubjects aare aenrolled
ain athe astudy auntil athe atarget asample asize ais areached. aConvenience asampling adoes anot
aallow afor athe aopportunity ato acontrol afor asampling aerrors aand abiases.
4. Nonprobability, anetwork aor asnowball asampling. aNetwork aor asnowball asampling amakes
ause aof asocial anetworks aand athe afact athat afriends aoften ahave acommon acharacteristics.
a The aselected aindividuals awere aasked ato alocate aother asubstance aabusers athey aknew ato
aparticipate ain athe astudy.
5. Probability; astratified arandom asampling. aStratified arandom asampling ais aused awhen athe
aresearcher aknows asome aof athe avariables awithin aa apopulation athat awill aaffect athe
arepresentatives aof athe asample.
6. Was athe asample aidentified ain athe aUlrich aet aal. a(2005) astudy ain aQuestion a5
arepresentative aof athe atarget apopulation aof aNPs aand aPAs? aProvide aa arationale afor a your
aanswer.
Yes, astratified arandom asampling ais aused awhen asome aof athe avariables awithin aa apopulation
aare aknown athat awill aaffect athe arepresentativeness aof athe asample.
7. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling. aPurposive asampling aoccurs awhen athe aresearcher
aconsciously aselects asubjects, aelements, aevents, aor aincidents ato ainclude ain athe astudy. aThe
aevent ain athis astudy ais athe atornado. aThose aselected afor athe astudy alived ain athe acity awhere
athe atornado aoccurred.
8. Nonprobability; aconvenience asampling. aParticipants ain aconvenience asampling aare
arecruited abecause athey aare aaccessible aand aavailable ato aparticipate. aThe aparticipants aof
athis astudy awere achosen abecause athey awere aadmitted ato athe ahospital.
9. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling athen atheoretical asampling. aPurposive asampling awas
aused abecause athe aparticipants awere aselected abased aon atheir afamiliarity awith, ainterest ain, aand
awillingness ato areflect aand adiscuss atheir ahope aexperience. aTheoretical asampling awas athen
aused ato aachieve atheoretical asaturation.
10. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling. aPurposive asampling awas aused abecause athe
aresearcher aconsciously aselected athe asubjects.
Exercise a3: aUnderstanding athe aSampling aSection aof aa aResearch aReport: aPopulation,
aSampling aCriteria, aSample aSize, aRefusal aRate, aand aAttrition aRate
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
Measurement: Nominal, 1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category
can be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove &
Gray, 2019).
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
2017; Knapp, 2017).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
What category identifies your current income as an RN?
a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
AG 1-1
,AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark
either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered
from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &
Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert
scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered
to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,
so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,
2017).
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
of this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the
subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,
such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those
in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
percent (%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac
patients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated
by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,
(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final
answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have
also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the
86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be useful in
clinical practice?
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status
score could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status
of cardiac patients.
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3
10. How awas aexercise aconfidence ameasured ain athis astudy? aWhat awas athe alevel aof
ameasurement afor athe aexercise aconfidence avariable ain athis astudy? aProvide aa
arationale afor ayour aanswer. aAnswer: aExercise aconfidence aof athe apatients awith aheart
afailure a(HF) ain athis astudy awas ameasured awith athe aExercise aConfidence aScale athat
aincluded afour asubscales afocused aon awalking, aclimbing, alifting aobjects aof agraded a weight,
aand arunning a(see athe astudy anarrative). aThis awas a a arating ascale awith avalues aranging
afrom a0 ato a100. aThe apatients’ ascores afor athe aTotal aExercise aConfidence ascale a and athe
asubscales a were a considered ainterval-level a data a and aanalyzed awith aparametric astatistics,
asuch aas ameans aand a SDs a(see athe a study a narrative; a Waltz a et a al., a2017).
Exercise a2: aIdentifying aProbability aand aNonprobability aSampling aMethods ain aStudies
1. Probability, asimple arandom asampling. aEach adepartment awas ain athe atarget awas
aidentified aby aa anumber athat ahad abeen aselected afrom aa arandom anumbers atable.
2. Yes, athe asample ais arepresentative. aProbability asampling aallows aevery aperson aor aelement
aof athe astudy apopulation ato abe arepresented awithout aresearcher abias aand aminimizes
asampling aerror.
3. Nonprobability, aconvenience asampling. aIn aconvenience asampling, asubjects aare aenrolled
ain athe astudy auntil athe atarget asample asize ais areached. aConvenience asampling adoes anot
aallow afor athe aopportunity ato acontrol afor asampling aerrors aand abiases.
4. Nonprobability, anetwork aor asnowball asampling. aNetwork aor asnowball asampling amakes
ause aof asocial anetworks aand athe afact athat afriends aoften ahave acommon acharacteristics.
a The aselected aindividuals awere aasked ato alocate aother asubstance aabusers athey aknew ato
aparticipate ain athe astudy.
5. Probability; astratified arandom asampling. aStratified arandom asampling ais aused awhen athe
aresearcher aknows asome aof athe avariables awithin aa apopulation athat awill aaffect athe
arepresentatives aof athe asample.
6. Was athe asample aidentified ain athe aUlrich aet aal. a(2005) astudy ain aQuestion a5
arepresentative aof athe atarget apopulation aof aNPs aand aPAs? aProvide aa arationale afor a your
aanswer.
Yes, astratified arandom asampling ais aused awhen asome aof athe avariables awithin aa apopulation
aare aknown athat awill aaffect athe arepresentativeness aof athe asample.
7. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling. aPurposive asampling aoccurs awhen athe aresearcher
aconsciously aselects asubjects, aelements, aevents, aor aincidents ato ainclude ain athe astudy. aThe
aevent ain athis astudy ais athe atornado. aThose aselected afor athe astudy alived ain athe acity awhere
athe atornado aoccurred.
8. Nonprobability; aconvenience asampling. aParticipants ain aconvenience asampling aare
arecruited abecause athey aare aaccessible aand aavailable ato aparticipate. aThe aparticipants aof
athis astudy awere achosen abecause athey awere aadmitted ato athe ahospital.
9. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling athen atheoretical asampling. aPurposive asampling awas
aused abecause athe aparticipants awere aselected abased aon atheir afamiliarity awith, ainterest ain, aand
awillingness ato areflect aand adiscuss atheir ahope aexperience. aTheoretical asampling awas athen
aused ato aachieve atheoretical asaturation.
10. Nonprobability; apurposive asampling. aPurposive asampling awas aused abecause athe
aresearcher aconsciously aselected athe asubjects.
Exercise a3: aUnderstanding athe aSampling aSection aof aa aResearch aReport: aPopulation,
aSampling aCriteria, aSample aSize, aRefusal aRate, aand aAttrition aRate
