1
Expert solutions
BIO 2301 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
Glomerulus
✓✓ small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where
the filtration of blood takes place
Bowman's capsule
✓✓ cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the
glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
Proximal convoluted tubule
✓✓ first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of
water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Loop of henle
✓✓ section of the nephron tubule that is responsible for conserving water and
minimizing the volume of the filtrate
distal convoluted tubule
✓✓ Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption
and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and
sodium
Collecting duct
✓✓ A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the
bloodstream.
Renal corpsucle
✓✓ Forms a filtrate from blood that is free of cells and proteins. Consists of the
glomerular capsule/Bowman's space and the glomerular capillaries/glomerulus.
Renal tubule
,2
Expert solutions
✓✓ Takes filtrate from corpuscle and adds or removes substances. Fluid left in
tubule becomes urine. C
-PCT
-LOH
-DCT
-CD
filtration
✓✓ Bulk flow process which all low molecular weight substances move together.
-glomerular capillary/blood pressure
-hydrostatic pressure
-osmotic force
fenestrated
✓✓ Capillaries of the glomerulus. Have large pores which allow water and solute
to leave, but not blood cells and plasma proteins.
Filtrates pass through
✓✓ -Capillary fenestrae
-Glomerular basement membrane
-Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule composed of cells called podocytes w/
extensions called pedicles.
gfr
✓✓ The volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's
space/glomerular capsule per unit time. Proportional to the membrane
permeability and surface area.
extrinsic regulation
✓✓ Flight or fight, vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles decreasing gfr.
intrinsic regulation
✓✓ Renal autoregulation.
-Myogenic mechanism
-tubuloglomerular feedback
myogenic mechanism
, 3
Expert solutions
✓✓ Smooth muscle of afferent arterioles responds when stretched more/less.
tubuloglomerular feedback
✓✓ Macula densa cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus found in the ascending loop
of Henle near the DCT. Detects changes in flow and osmolarity which result
from changes in BP.
pct reabsorption
✓✓ Active transport of nutrients across the membrane (60%)
Water, glucose, AAs, and electrolytes
Uses a steep Na+ gradient to symport molecules across the membrane.
loop of henle reabsorption
✓✓ -countercurrent multiplier system
-descending limb: permeable to water, impermeable to solutes
-ascending limb: impermeable to water, active transport permability of Na+, Cl-,
K+
dct reabsorption
✓✓ Much more dilute filtrate enters the dct, water and ions are reabsorbed by
control from endocrine system.
Aldosterone
✓✓ Reabsorb more Na+, thus reabsorb more water.
Stimulus is low bp and low blood osmolarity.
ANH
✓✓ Secrete more Na+
collecting duct reabsorption
✓✓ Water and NaCL is reabsorbed in the cortical portion. Water only is
reabsorbed in the medullary portion.
-Regulated by ADH.
ADH
Expert solutions
BIO 2301 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
Glomerulus
✓✓ small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where
the filtration of blood takes place
Bowman's capsule
✓✓ cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the
glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
Proximal convoluted tubule
✓✓ first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of
water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Loop of henle
✓✓ section of the nephron tubule that is responsible for conserving water and
minimizing the volume of the filtrate
distal convoluted tubule
✓✓ Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption
and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and
sodium
Collecting duct
✓✓ A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the
bloodstream.
Renal corpsucle
✓✓ Forms a filtrate from blood that is free of cells and proteins. Consists of the
glomerular capsule/Bowman's space and the glomerular capillaries/glomerulus.
Renal tubule
,2
Expert solutions
✓✓ Takes filtrate from corpuscle and adds or removes substances. Fluid left in
tubule becomes urine. C
-PCT
-LOH
-DCT
-CD
filtration
✓✓ Bulk flow process which all low molecular weight substances move together.
-glomerular capillary/blood pressure
-hydrostatic pressure
-osmotic force
fenestrated
✓✓ Capillaries of the glomerulus. Have large pores which allow water and solute
to leave, but not blood cells and plasma proteins.
Filtrates pass through
✓✓ -Capillary fenestrae
-Glomerular basement membrane
-Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule composed of cells called podocytes w/
extensions called pedicles.
gfr
✓✓ The volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's
space/glomerular capsule per unit time. Proportional to the membrane
permeability and surface area.
extrinsic regulation
✓✓ Flight or fight, vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles decreasing gfr.
intrinsic regulation
✓✓ Renal autoregulation.
-Myogenic mechanism
-tubuloglomerular feedback
myogenic mechanism
, 3
Expert solutions
✓✓ Smooth muscle of afferent arterioles responds when stretched more/less.
tubuloglomerular feedback
✓✓ Macula densa cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus found in the ascending loop
of Henle near the DCT. Detects changes in flow and osmolarity which result
from changes in BP.
pct reabsorption
✓✓ Active transport of nutrients across the membrane (60%)
Water, glucose, AAs, and electrolytes
Uses a steep Na+ gradient to symport molecules across the membrane.
loop of henle reabsorption
✓✓ -countercurrent multiplier system
-descending limb: permeable to water, impermeable to solutes
-ascending limb: impermeable to water, active transport permability of Na+, Cl-,
K+
dct reabsorption
✓✓ Much more dilute filtrate enters the dct, water and ions are reabsorbed by
control from endocrine system.
Aldosterone
✓✓ Reabsorb more Na+, thus reabsorb more water.
Stimulus is low bp and low blood osmolarity.
ANH
✓✓ Secrete more Na+
collecting duct reabsorption
✓✓ Water and NaCL is reabsorbed in the cortical portion. Water only is
reabsorbed in the medullary portion.
-Regulated by ADH.
ADH
