POS 2041 Final Exam 2025

Fiscal policy - -Regulation of the economy through taxing and spending powers Humanitarian Policies - -human rights issues come second to other foreign policy concerns Public Policy - -a law, rule, statute, or edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote their attainment Law and Order in a Market Economy - -provides predictability about basic rules of interaction -calculable laws -ensures safety Monetary Policy - -Regulation of the economy through manipulation of the supply of money, the price of money (interest rate) and the availability of credit Federal Reserve System (Fed) - -system of 12 federal reserve banks that facilitate exchanges of cash, check, and credit; regulates member banks; uses monetary policy to fight inflation and deflation reserve requirement - -minimum amount of liquid assets and ready cash that the Federal Reserve requires banks to hold in order to meet depositors demands for their money Open-market operations - -The buying and selling of government securities (such as bonds) by the Federal Reserve System to help finance governmental operations and to reduce or increase the total amount of money circulating in the economy Federal Funds Rate - -the interest rate on loans between banks; the Federal Reserve board uses its powers to influence this rate (federal funds market) Treasury Department - -administration of fiscal policy -administering and policing income tax and other tax collections -manage the enormous federal debt -print currency Entitlement programs - -social programs that guarantees benefits to a category of people defined by law Contributory programs - -Social program financed in whole or in part by taxation or other mandatory contributions by its present or future recipients (social Security- payroll tax) POS 2041 POS 2041 Noncontributory programs - -social programs that assist people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than contributions they have made (public-assistance programs) Reforming social security - --ratio between contributing workers and retirees has declines -baby boomers are retiring -has become youth taking care of old -we need to increase retirement age and taxes Medicare - -National Health Insurance program for the elderly and disabled. 2003 medicare drug benefit - -signed by Bush and increased program spending -caused short term financial crisis because it did not increase taxes Goals of national security - --physical security -food supply -transportation infrastructure -energy -cyberspace cold war - -the period of struggle between the United States and the former Soviet Union lasting from the late 1940s to about 1990 -US used containment and deterrence Containment - -policy designed to limit political and military expansion of a hostile power -used against the soviet union Deterrence - -development and maintenance of military strength as a means of discouraging attack -used against soviet union World Trade Organization (WTO) - -international trade agency that promotes free trade grew out of the general agreement of tariffs and trade (GATT)- 161 members North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - -agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico to lower and eliminate tariffs among the 3 countries Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) - -US + 11 pacific rim nations lowered tariffs and other trade barriers throughout the pacific region -trump withdrew General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - -after WWII brought together nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade that led to the break down of the world economy in 1930's that caused WWII -World Trade Organization evolved from agreement POS 2041 POS 2041 National Security Council - -a presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, the vice president, the secretary of state, the secretary of defense, and other officials invited by the president National Intelligence hierarchy - -headed by the president includes security agencies -Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) -National Security Council (NSC) -National Security Agency (NSA) -Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Executive Agreement - -agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the senate's "advice and consent" -Congress has financial power over executive agreements -executive-congressional agreements require less than the 2/3 senate vote required for a treaty Diplomacy - -the representation of a government to other governments -promote national values or interests by peaceful means -maintaining healthy relationships with other countries United Nations (UN) - -organization of nations founded in 1945 to be a channel for negotiation and a means of settling international disputed peaceably UN General Assembly - -193 members - 1 vote each -decisions require 2/3 majority UN Security council - -most powerful 15 members 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US) with veto power Rio Treaty - -the first collective security agreement entered into by the United States in 1947; it established the Organization of American States (OAS) attack against one OAS member is an attack against all North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - -treaty organization comprising the US, Canada, and most of western Europe (28 countries), formed in 1949 to address perceived threats from the Soviet Union foriegn policy - -programs and policies that determine a country's relations with other countries 5th amendement - -prohibits the federal government from depriving citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law POS 2041 POS 2041 14th amendment - -prohibits all states from depriving citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law strict scrutiny - -the strictest standard of judicial review of a governments actions, in which the government must show that the law serves a "compelling state interest" -law abridging civil rights or civil liberties serves an important larger purpose Miranda v. Arizona - -arrested persons must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to have counsel present during interrogation speech plus - -speech accompanied by activities such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations -consistently protected by courts under the 1st amendment commercial speech - -does not have full 1st amendment protection because it cannot be fiscal policy - -Regulation of the economy through taxing and spending powers Humanitarian Policies - -human rights issues come second to other foreign policy concerns Public Policy - -a law, rule, statute, or edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote their attainment Law and Order in a Market Economy - -provides predictability about basic rules of interaction -calculable laws -ensures safety Monetary Policy - -Regulation of the economy through manipulation of the supply of money, the price of money (interest rate) and the availability of credit Federal Reserve System (Fed) - -system of 12 federal reserve banks that facilitate exchanges of cash, check, and credit; regulates member banks; uses monetary policy to fight inflation and deflation reserve requirement - -minimum amount of liquid assets and ready cash that the Federal Reserve requires banks to hold in order to mee