HCIV Unit 4 Comprehensive Study Guide – A+ Graded,
End-Term Exam Ready
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? - ✔✔Damage caused from external mechanical force
Typical causes include falls and MVC's
How is severity of a TBI determined? - ✔✔Glasgow coma scale
CT
Estimation of the force of trauma
Symptoms
What is a concussion? S/S? - ✔✔Mild form of a TBI
S/S: cognition changes and headaches
What is a primary brain injury? - ✔✔Occurs at the time of the injury from blunt or penetrating force.
What is a focal primary brain injury? - ✔✔Confined to one specific area
What is a diffuse primary brain injury? - ✔✔Damage throughout many areas of the brain
What are open brain injuries? - ✔✔Occurs when the skull is fractured or pierced by a penetrating object.
What is a closed brain injury? - ✔✔Occurs when the skull remains intact.
Damage to underlying vessels, rural sinuses, brain and cranial nerves.
What is a sign of a closed brain injury? - ✔✔Elevated ICP
What is whiplash considered? - ✔✔Closed brain injury
, What is secondary brain injury? - ✔✔refers to the "after effects" of the primary injury; it includes
abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, increased ICP, cerebral ischemia
and hypoxia, and infection.
What is normal ICP? - ✔✔10-15mmHg
What sustained ICP is detrimental to the brain? - ✔✔<20mmHg
What is the leading cause of death from head trauma patients? - ✔✔Increased ICP, can result in
herniation.
What are the three major types of cranial hemorrhage? - ✔✔Epidural
Subdural
Intercerebral
What is a epidural hematoma? - ✔✔Arterial bleeding into he space between the dura and the inner
skull.
S/S are lucid intervals followed by unconsciousness.
What is a subdural hematoma? - ✔✔Venous bleeding into the space between the dura and the
arachnoid.
Which type of hematoma has slower bleeding? - ✔✔Subdural, because of this SDH's have the highest
mortality rate because they are often unrecognized until there is neurological deterioration.
What are the three types of subdural hematomas? - ✔✔Acute- present within 48hrs
Subacute- present between 48hrs- 2 weeks
Chronic- presents 2 weeks to several months after injury
End-Term Exam Ready
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? - ✔✔Damage caused from external mechanical force
Typical causes include falls and MVC's
How is severity of a TBI determined? - ✔✔Glasgow coma scale
CT
Estimation of the force of trauma
Symptoms
What is a concussion? S/S? - ✔✔Mild form of a TBI
S/S: cognition changes and headaches
What is a primary brain injury? - ✔✔Occurs at the time of the injury from blunt or penetrating force.
What is a focal primary brain injury? - ✔✔Confined to one specific area
What is a diffuse primary brain injury? - ✔✔Damage throughout many areas of the brain
What are open brain injuries? - ✔✔Occurs when the skull is fractured or pierced by a penetrating object.
What is a closed brain injury? - ✔✔Occurs when the skull remains intact.
Damage to underlying vessels, rural sinuses, brain and cranial nerves.
What is a sign of a closed brain injury? - ✔✔Elevated ICP
What is whiplash considered? - ✔✔Closed brain injury
, What is secondary brain injury? - ✔✔refers to the "after effects" of the primary injury; it includes
abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, increased ICP, cerebral ischemia
and hypoxia, and infection.
What is normal ICP? - ✔✔10-15mmHg
What sustained ICP is detrimental to the brain? - ✔✔<20mmHg
What is the leading cause of death from head trauma patients? - ✔✔Increased ICP, can result in
herniation.
What are the three major types of cranial hemorrhage? - ✔✔Epidural
Subdural
Intercerebral
What is a epidural hematoma? - ✔✔Arterial bleeding into he space between the dura and the inner
skull.
S/S are lucid intervals followed by unconsciousness.
What is a subdural hematoma? - ✔✔Venous bleeding into the space between the dura and the
arachnoid.
Which type of hematoma has slower bleeding? - ✔✔Subdural, because of this SDH's have the highest
mortality rate because they are often unrecognized until there is neurological deterioration.
What are the three types of subdural hematomas? - ✔✔Acute- present within 48hrs
Subacute- present between 48hrs- 2 weeks
Chronic- presents 2 weeks to several months after injury
