CHEMOTHERAPY EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔B-Cell - ✔✔-each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
-Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to
surface of a microbe
-When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that
are unique to that antigen
✔✔Plasma Cells - ✔✔-some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
-Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for
years
✔✔Cell-Mediated Immunity - ✔✔Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and
their cyokinds
-more effective against antigens within cells
✔✔Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - ✔✔regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
✔✔T-Cell - ✔✔-Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by
"presenting cells"
-Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells
✔✔Helper T-Cells (CD4+) - ✔✔-help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals
-Help B Cells to respond
-rapidly divide, in an effort to stay ahead of the antigen dividsion
-some will turn into effector cells, which secrete different kinds of cytokines
-respond similarly to B-Cells
✔✔Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) - ✔✔-Directly kill cells for which they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
✔✔Cytokines - ✔✔-Secreted by lymphocytes
,-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory
functions in the immune system
✔✔Cytokines Include.. - ✔✔-Interferons (IFNs)
-Tumor necrosis factors
-Transforming GFs
-Interleukins (IL -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -15)
-These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of B and T cells as well
as interact with antigen-presenting cells and NKCs
✔✔Benign Tumors - ✔✔-encapsulated and grow in an orderly manner with smooth
edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
✔✔Characteristics of Cancer Cells - ✔✔-Malignant tumors are not encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the tumor
(angiogenesis)
✔✔Proto-oncogene - ✔✔-regulate normal cell growth and division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cyle
, ✔✔Oncogene - ✔✔when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a mutation occurs
next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become a ______
✔✔Examples of oncogoenes - ✔✔1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an epidermal GF
receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is associated with head and neck and
colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine kinase family and is
associated with some breast cancers)
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔-act like brakes in a car, slowing down or stopping
cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of repairing or
activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA helix so that it can
be transcribed or copied
✔✔p53 - ✔✔-"sucidie gene"
-activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too old to function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to perform its normal
function
✔✔Growth Signals - ✔✔-cancer cells are able to find their own growth signals making
them self-sufficient
✔✔Signal transduction - ✔✔-the communication or passage of a message telling the
cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein, divide, or make new blood vessels
✔✔Signal transduction steps - ✔✔1. Messages usually sent from outside the cell where
the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor which extended through the cell
membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to join with
another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔B-Cell - ✔✔-each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
-Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to
surface of a microbe
-When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that
are unique to that antigen
✔✔Plasma Cells - ✔✔-some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
-Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for
years
✔✔Cell-Mediated Immunity - ✔✔Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and
their cyokinds
-more effective against antigens within cells
✔✔Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - ✔✔regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
✔✔T-Cell - ✔✔-Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by
"presenting cells"
-Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells
✔✔Helper T-Cells (CD4+) - ✔✔-help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals
-Help B Cells to respond
-rapidly divide, in an effort to stay ahead of the antigen dividsion
-some will turn into effector cells, which secrete different kinds of cytokines
-respond similarly to B-Cells
✔✔Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) - ✔✔-Directly kill cells for which they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
✔✔Cytokines - ✔✔-Secreted by lymphocytes
,-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory
functions in the immune system
✔✔Cytokines Include.. - ✔✔-Interferons (IFNs)
-Tumor necrosis factors
-Transforming GFs
-Interleukins (IL -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -15)
-These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of B and T cells as well
as interact with antigen-presenting cells and NKCs
✔✔Benign Tumors - ✔✔-encapsulated and grow in an orderly manner with smooth
edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
✔✔Characteristics of Cancer Cells - ✔✔-Malignant tumors are not encapsulated
-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the tumor
(angiogenesis)
✔✔Proto-oncogene - ✔✔-regulate normal cell growth and division
-large family of genes that code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cyle
, ✔✔Oncogene - ✔✔when mistakes in copies of DNA can occur, if a mutation occurs
next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and become a ______
✔✔Examples of oncogoenes - ✔✔1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes for an epidermal GF
receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is associated with head and neck and
colorectal cancers)
-EGFR inhibitor therapies are known to cause cutaneous reactions
2. Erb-B2 or HER2/neu (codes for an EGFR protein in the tyrosine kinase family and is
associated with some breast cancers)
✔✔Tumor suppressor genes - ✔✔-act like brakes in a car, slowing down or stopping
cell growth and division
-in the presence of malignancies, they bind to DNA with intention of repairing or
activating apoptosis
-for it to be turned on it must be expressed or "opened" in the DNA helix so that it can
be transcribed or copied
✔✔p53 - ✔✔-"sucidie gene"
-activates apoptosis when the cell is damaged beyond repair or too old to function
-more than 50% of solid tumors, the gene is mutated and unable to perform its normal
function
✔✔Growth Signals - ✔✔-cancer cells are able to find their own growth signals making
them self-sufficient
✔✔Signal transduction - ✔✔-the communication or passage of a message telling the
cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein, divide, or make new blood vessels
✔✔Signal transduction steps - ✔✔1. Messages usually sent from outside the cell where
the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor which extended through the cell
membrane
2. These receptors ae called receptor tyrosine kinases
3. To send the message through the membrane, the receptor often has to join with
another recetor to become active and t autophophorylate
4. This is called dimerization and can be the following:
