ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL
EXAM|2025 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Fat Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Need 2nd Messenger
to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Acct for 75% of total weight of
pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of
Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary
stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median
eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily
from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones
and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by
ADH
,Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
(TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic
hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Milk production
TSH - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli
Cells)
, B-Lipotropin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Fat breakdown and release of fatty
acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the
blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by
hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅
High levels of ADH - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Acts on Vasopressin 1
receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅osmoreceptors
of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH
secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is
diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect
on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may
decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored
by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss
through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Decrease in
plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in
estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during
shock states.
Oxytocin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Responsible for contraction of uterus
and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin
is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction
tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the
contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
EXAM|2025 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Fat Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Need 2nd Messenger
to transport across phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Acct for 75% of total weight of
pituitary gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary and source of
Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Arises
from 3rd ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary
stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural tube). Median
eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of axons that arise primarily
from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones
and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅contains axons of neurons that
originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅ADH, and
Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Major homeostatic
function of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by
ADH
,Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) -
CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
(TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Inhibits release of growth
hormone and TSH
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Inhibits synthesis and secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Stimulate
secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic
hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Milk production
TSH - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Increased production and secretion of
thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Ovulation,
progesterone production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Follicle
maturation, estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli
Cells)
, B-Lipotropin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Fat breakdown and release of fatty
acids (Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Analgesia; may regulate body
temp, food and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
ADH functions - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Homeostasis, control plasma
osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption into the
blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may be inhibited by
hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅
High levels of ADH - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Acts on Vasopressin 1
receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅osmoreceptors
of the hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH
secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is
diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280 mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect
on electrolyte levels due to increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may
decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored
by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss
through trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Decrease in
plasma osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in
estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - CORRECT ANSWER
✅✅✅Increase BP and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during
shock states.
Oxytocin - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Responsible for contraction of uterus
and milk ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin
is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of femaile reproduction
tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in mammary tissues and causes the
contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
