VPHY 3100 UGA Test 2 Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Latest Update 2025-2026
Endocrinology - Answers The study of endocrine glands/tissue, the hormones they release, and their
effects on target tissues
Hormones - Answers Are carried via the blood; regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Complementary or antagonistic - Answers Target tissues are regulated by multiple hormones and
downstream effects may be _______ or _______.
Physiological Range - Answers "Sensitization" or "upregulation"
Pharmacological ranges - Answers "Desensitization" or "downregulation"
Adrenal Medulla - Answers (Amino Acid Derivatives) Epinephrine and Norepi are secreted by...
Pineal gland - Answers Amino acid derivative; melatonin is derived from the...
Peptides and proteins - Answers Hypothalamic & pituitary hormones; insulin and glucagon (pancreas);
parathyroid hormone
Adrenal cortex - Answers Corticosteroids are produced by the...
Gonads - Answers Sex steroids are produced by the...
Hydrophilic hormones - Answers _____ ______ interact with cell surface receptors at target tissues (all
peptide &protein hormones; epi and Norepi)
Hydrophobic (or lipophilic) hormones - Answers _____ _____ interact with intracellular receptors at
target tissues (steroid or thyroid hormones)
Enzyme linked (RTKs) - Answers _____ receptors act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+,
kinases)-insulin, growth factors
GPCRs - Answers Act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, kinases)-epinephrine, norepi
Intracellular Receptors - Answers Act as a transcription factor in the nucleus; steroids, thyroid hormones
Islets of Langerhans - Answers _______ comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Glucagon - Answers Alpha cells secrete...
Insulin - Answers Beta cells secrete...
Anabolism; catabolism - Answers (Cellular metabolism) insulin-->_____
Glucagon -->___
Liver, skeletal muscles, adipocytes - Answers Pancreatic hormone's target tissues: (3)
, Anabolism - Answers Uses amino acids, sugars, fatty acids etc to create proteins, polysaccharides , lipids,
and nucleic acids
Catabolism - Answers Uses energy containing nutrients like carbs, fats, and proteins that result in energy
depleted CO2 H2O and NH3
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) - Answers ____ are the most prevalent type of enzyme-linked cell
surface receptor; the insulin receptor for example
Kinases - Answers Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
Tyrosine kinases - Answers Attach phosphate groups to tyrosine residues within proteins
Glucose uptake and anabolic reactions - Answers The result of insulin receptor activation is...
Glycogen synthesis and fat storage - Answers High levels of glucose results in increased production of
insulin which increases...
Hepatocytes - Answers Move glucose into liver cells when [glc]blood is high and out when [glc]blood is
low
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and adipose tissue - Answers Insulin-responsive GLUT4 recruitment
occurs only in...
[insulin]blood - Answers When ____ increases, 95% of blood glucose is taken up by muscle and fat
tissues
Decrease gluconeogenesis and increase glycogen synthesis - Answers Major effect of insulin at the liver
Increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - Answers Major effect of glucagon at the liver
[glucagon]blood; [insulin]blood - Answers Exercise increases ____ and decreases ____
Anterior lobe - Answers This part of the pituitary gland is involved in hormonal regulation by the
hypothalamus
Posterior lobe - Answers Part of the pituitary gland that is the neural extension of the hypothalamus
ADH and Oxytocin - Answers The hypothalamus produces _____ and they are secreted by the posterior
pituitary gland
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract - Answers Supraoptic & paraventrical nuclei of the hypothalamus
produce oxytocin and ADH which are transported down the...
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system - Answers Hypothalamic nerve endings secrete releasing and
inhibiting hormones into a capillary/venue system known as...
Growth Hormone (GH) - Answers Somatotropin; promotes tissue growth
Endocrinology - Answers The study of endocrine glands/tissue, the hormones they release, and their
effects on target tissues
Hormones - Answers Are carried via the blood; regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction
Complementary or antagonistic - Answers Target tissues are regulated by multiple hormones and
downstream effects may be _______ or _______.
Physiological Range - Answers "Sensitization" or "upregulation"
Pharmacological ranges - Answers "Desensitization" or "downregulation"
Adrenal Medulla - Answers (Amino Acid Derivatives) Epinephrine and Norepi are secreted by...
Pineal gland - Answers Amino acid derivative; melatonin is derived from the...
Peptides and proteins - Answers Hypothalamic & pituitary hormones; insulin and glucagon (pancreas);
parathyroid hormone
Adrenal cortex - Answers Corticosteroids are produced by the...
Gonads - Answers Sex steroids are produced by the...
Hydrophilic hormones - Answers _____ ______ interact with cell surface receptors at target tissues (all
peptide &protein hormones; epi and Norepi)
Hydrophobic (or lipophilic) hormones - Answers _____ _____ interact with intracellular receptors at
target tissues (steroid or thyroid hormones)
Enzyme linked (RTKs) - Answers _____ receptors act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+,
kinases)-insulin, growth factors
GPCRs - Answers Act through intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, kinases)-epinephrine, norepi
Intracellular Receptors - Answers Act as a transcription factor in the nucleus; steroids, thyroid hormones
Islets of Langerhans - Answers _______ comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Glucagon - Answers Alpha cells secrete...
Insulin - Answers Beta cells secrete...
Anabolism; catabolism - Answers (Cellular metabolism) insulin-->_____
Glucagon -->___
Liver, skeletal muscles, adipocytes - Answers Pancreatic hormone's target tissues: (3)
, Anabolism - Answers Uses amino acids, sugars, fatty acids etc to create proteins, polysaccharides , lipids,
and nucleic acids
Catabolism - Answers Uses energy containing nutrients like carbs, fats, and proteins that result in energy
depleted CO2 H2O and NH3
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) - Answers ____ are the most prevalent type of enzyme-linked cell
surface receptor; the insulin receptor for example
Kinases - Answers Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
Tyrosine kinases - Answers Attach phosphate groups to tyrosine residues within proteins
Glucose uptake and anabolic reactions - Answers The result of insulin receptor activation is...
Glycogen synthesis and fat storage - Answers High levels of glucose results in increased production of
insulin which increases...
Hepatocytes - Answers Move glucose into liver cells when [glc]blood is high and out when [glc]blood is
low
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and adipose tissue - Answers Insulin-responsive GLUT4 recruitment
occurs only in...
[insulin]blood - Answers When ____ increases, 95% of blood glucose is taken up by muscle and fat
tissues
Decrease gluconeogenesis and increase glycogen synthesis - Answers Major effect of insulin at the liver
Increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - Answers Major effect of glucagon at the liver
[glucagon]blood; [insulin]blood - Answers Exercise increases ____ and decreases ____
Anterior lobe - Answers This part of the pituitary gland is involved in hormonal regulation by the
hypothalamus
Posterior lobe - Answers Part of the pituitary gland that is the neural extension of the hypothalamus
ADH and Oxytocin - Answers The hypothalamus produces _____ and they are secreted by the posterior
pituitary gland
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract - Answers Supraoptic & paraventrical nuclei of the hypothalamus
produce oxytocin and ADH which are transported down the...
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system - Answers Hypothalamic nerve endings secrete releasing and
inhibiting hormones into a capillary/venue system known as...
Growth Hormone (GH) - Answers Somatotropin; promotes tissue growth
