VPHY 3100 Exam 4 Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Latest Update 2025-2026
Innate defense/immune system - Answers Nonspecific defense against pathogen, inherited, serves as
the first line of defense
Adaptive immune system - Answers Specifc to certain pathogens, due to lymphocyte activity and
dependent on exposures
External defense mechanisms - Answers Part of innate immune system; includes skin, digestive tract,
respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract
Internal defense mechanisms (innate) - Answers Fever, interferons, phagocytes
Adaptive defense mechanisms - Answers Immune system's ability to distinguish self molecules from
non-self antigens
Humoral immunity - Answers Type of specific immunity, uses antibodies produced by B cells
Cell-mediated immunity - Answers Type of specfic immunity, uses T cells to destroy host cells infected by
pathogens
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Answers Trigger innate immune response, includes
lipopolysaccharides from Gram (-) cell membranes and peptidoglycans from Gram (+) cell walls
Toll-like receptors (TLR') - Answers Part of immune cells that recognize PAMPs
PAMPs-TLR' complex - Answers PAMPs bound to TLR', increases cytokine secretion, which activates
more immune cells, which increases inflammation
Inflammation - Answers Initiates nonspecific phagocytosis by blood phagocytes (WBCs), characteristics
include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
Initiation of Inflammation - Answers Injured cells release cytokines, which activate mast cells near the
damaged area, which further secrete cytokines like histamine, which dilate blood vessels and increase
membrane permeability
Vasodilation in inflammation - Answers Increases diapedesis and blood phagocytes exit capillaries using
pseudopod movement
Chemotaxis - Answers Recruitment of blood monocytes to the injured tissue/infected cells, which
become macrophages, which induces phagocytosis
Cytokines - Answers Induce constriction of bronchi and bronchioles for protection, can cause asthma if
constriction is too severe
Phagocytosis - Answers Tissue damage leads to cell necrosis, which leads to expressed danger-
associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which leads to increases innate immunity and inflammation
,Neutrophils - Answers Type of phagocytes that leads to pus formation, first to arrive in immune
response
Blood monocytes - Answers Second phase of immune response, become macrophages and may serve as
antigen-presenting cells
T lymphocytes - Answers Third line of defense in immune response, part of specific immunity
Induction of Fever - Answers Can be induced exogenously through endotoxins from gram (-) bacteria
that alter the set point or endogenously through pyrogens such as interleukins
Effect of fever - Answers Nonspecifically decrease bacteria, increase neutrophil activities, increase
interferon production
Interferons - Answers Polypeptides produced by virus-infected cells that provide short-acting,
nonspecific resistance to viral infection in nearby cells
Effects of interferons - Answers Increase overall immune activities- increase phagocytosis, killer T cell
activity, natural killer cell activity, and antibody production; decrease tumor growth, cell division, and
maturation of adipocytes/RBCs
B cells/lymphocytes - Answers Named after chicken bursa, include memory cells and plasma cells
T cells/lymphocytes - Answers From the thymus, 65-85% of blood lymphocytes, include killer, helper,
and suppressor cells
B cell functions - Answers Antibody receptors for specific antigen binding; expansion of specific B cell
clones- become both memory cells and plasma cells
Antibody structure - Answers Y shape, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains; each chain has constant (Fc)
and variable (Fab) fragments, Fab confers Ab specificity
IgG - Answers Main antibody in circulation
IgA - Answers Main antibody in external secretions in mucosal area
IgE - Answers Responsible for allergic symptoms
Killer/cytotoxic T cells - Answers Kills pathogens by secreting perforins that cause lysis or granzymes that
destroy DNA
Helper T cells - Answers Increase responses of killer T cells and B cells, HIV infects these cells specifically
Suppressor T cells - Answers Decrease responses of killer T cells and B cells, help protect against
autoimmune responses
Digestion - Answers Hydrolysis of non-absorbable polymers into absorbable monomers, aided by specific
enzymes
, Layers of the GI tract - Answers Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa; inner circular and outer
longitudinal
Mastication - Answers Mixes food with saliva containing salivary amylase, mucus, and growth factors
Voluntary phase of swallowing - Answers Oral phase
Involuntary phases of swallowing - Answers Pharyngeal and esophageal
Upper esophageal sphincter - Answers Relaxes during the course of swallowing
Swallowing center - Answers Part of medulla oblongata that orchestrates pattern of contractions that
cause swallowing
Lower esophageal sphincter - Answers Stays closed during to prevent regurgitation and heart burn
Peristalsis in esophagus - Answers Produced in response to distension by a series of localized reflexes,
circular smooth muscles contract on the oral side and relaxes on the anal side to move the bolus down
the esophagus
Stomach - Answers Most distensible part of the GI tract
Gastric glands - Answers Secrete gastric juice; contains goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells,
enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL), G cells, and D cells
Parietal cells - Answers Secrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (IF)
Intrinsic factor (IF) - Answers The only essential function in the stomach, polypeptide that promotes
absorption of vitamin B12
Chief cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secretes pepsinogen
ECL cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secrete histamine and serotonin
G cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secrete gastrin as a GI hormone
Apical membrane - Answers H+ secreted into gastric lumen through active H/K ATPase
Endocrine stimulation of gastric acid - Answers Gastrin from G cells is carried to parietal/ECL cells by
circulation
Neural stimulation of gastric acid - Answers PSNS ACh stimulation
Paracrine stimulation of gastric acid - Answers ECL cells secrete histamine
Physical/chemical barriers in stomach - Answers Alkaline mucus contains HCO3, forms barrier against
pepsin and acid
Innate defense/immune system - Answers Nonspecific defense against pathogen, inherited, serves as
the first line of defense
Adaptive immune system - Answers Specifc to certain pathogens, due to lymphocyte activity and
dependent on exposures
External defense mechanisms - Answers Part of innate immune system; includes skin, digestive tract,
respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract
Internal defense mechanisms (innate) - Answers Fever, interferons, phagocytes
Adaptive defense mechanisms - Answers Immune system's ability to distinguish self molecules from
non-self antigens
Humoral immunity - Answers Type of specific immunity, uses antibodies produced by B cells
Cell-mediated immunity - Answers Type of specfic immunity, uses T cells to destroy host cells infected by
pathogens
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Answers Trigger innate immune response, includes
lipopolysaccharides from Gram (-) cell membranes and peptidoglycans from Gram (+) cell walls
Toll-like receptors (TLR') - Answers Part of immune cells that recognize PAMPs
PAMPs-TLR' complex - Answers PAMPs bound to TLR', increases cytokine secretion, which activates
more immune cells, which increases inflammation
Inflammation - Answers Initiates nonspecific phagocytosis by blood phagocytes (WBCs), characteristics
include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
Initiation of Inflammation - Answers Injured cells release cytokines, which activate mast cells near the
damaged area, which further secrete cytokines like histamine, which dilate blood vessels and increase
membrane permeability
Vasodilation in inflammation - Answers Increases diapedesis and blood phagocytes exit capillaries using
pseudopod movement
Chemotaxis - Answers Recruitment of blood monocytes to the injured tissue/infected cells, which
become macrophages, which induces phagocytosis
Cytokines - Answers Induce constriction of bronchi and bronchioles for protection, can cause asthma if
constriction is too severe
Phagocytosis - Answers Tissue damage leads to cell necrosis, which leads to expressed danger-
associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which leads to increases innate immunity and inflammation
,Neutrophils - Answers Type of phagocytes that leads to pus formation, first to arrive in immune
response
Blood monocytes - Answers Second phase of immune response, become macrophages and may serve as
antigen-presenting cells
T lymphocytes - Answers Third line of defense in immune response, part of specific immunity
Induction of Fever - Answers Can be induced exogenously through endotoxins from gram (-) bacteria
that alter the set point or endogenously through pyrogens such as interleukins
Effect of fever - Answers Nonspecifically decrease bacteria, increase neutrophil activities, increase
interferon production
Interferons - Answers Polypeptides produced by virus-infected cells that provide short-acting,
nonspecific resistance to viral infection in nearby cells
Effects of interferons - Answers Increase overall immune activities- increase phagocytosis, killer T cell
activity, natural killer cell activity, and antibody production; decrease tumor growth, cell division, and
maturation of adipocytes/RBCs
B cells/lymphocytes - Answers Named after chicken bursa, include memory cells and plasma cells
T cells/lymphocytes - Answers From the thymus, 65-85% of blood lymphocytes, include killer, helper,
and suppressor cells
B cell functions - Answers Antibody receptors for specific antigen binding; expansion of specific B cell
clones- become both memory cells and plasma cells
Antibody structure - Answers Y shape, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains; each chain has constant (Fc)
and variable (Fab) fragments, Fab confers Ab specificity
IgG - Answers Main antibody in circulation
IgA - Answers Main antibody in external secretions in mucosal area
IgE - Answers Responsible for allergic symptoms
Killer/cytotoxic T cells - Answers Kills pathogens by secreting perforins that cause lysis or granzymes that
destroy DNA
Helper T cells - Answers Increase responses of killer T cells and B cells, HIV infects these cells specifically
Suppressor T cells - Answers Decrease responses of killer T cells and B cells, help protect against
autoimmune responses
Digestion - Answers Hydrolysis of non-absorbable polymers into absorbable monomers, aided by specific
enzymes
, Layers of the GI tract - Answers Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa; inner circular and outer
longitudinal
Mastication - Answers Mixes food with saliva containing salivary amylase, mucus, and growth factors
Voluntary phase of swallowing - Answers Oral phase
Involuntary phases of swallowing - Answers Pharyngeal and esophageal
Upper esophageal sphincter - Answers Relaxes during the course of swallowing
Swallowing center - Answers Part of medulla oblongata that orchestrates pattern of contractions that
cause swallowing
Lower esophageal sphincter - Answers Stays closed during to prevent regurgitation and heart burn
Peristalsis in esophagus - Answers Produced in response to distension by a series of localized reflexes,
circular smooth muscles contract on the oral side and relaxes on the anal side to move the bolus down
the esophagus
Stomach - Answers Most distensible part of the GI tract
Gastric glands - Answers Secrete gastric juice; contains goblet cells, parietal cells, chief cells,
enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL), G cells, and D cells
Parietal cells - Answers Secrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (IF)
Intrinsic factor (IF) - Answers The only essential function in the stomach, polypeptide that promotes
absorption of vitamin B12
Chief cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secretes pepsinogen
ECL cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secrete histamine and serotonin
G cells - Answers Part of gastric gland; secrete gastrin as a GI hormone
Apical membrane - Answers H+ secreted into gastric lumen through active H/K ATPase
Endocrine stimulation of gastric acid - Answers Gastrin from G cells is carried to parietal/ECL cells by
circulation
Neural stimulation of gastric acid - Answers PSNS ACh stimulation
Paracrine stimulation of gastric acid - Answers ECL cells secrete histamine
Physical/chemical barriers in stomach - Answers Alkaline mucus contains HCO3, forms barrier against
pepsin and acid
