Biology 108 Lab Final | Actual study set |
Questions and verified Answers
Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Pleurotaceae, Pleurotus, sp. - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 5 mushroom
we cultivated
Tubular filaments that are the basic growth form of the vegetative phase of the fungus. - ANSW-Hyphae
Network of Hyphae - ANSW-Mycelium
Condenser, Objective, Ocular - ANSW-3 Lens system
Pteridophyta, Pteridopsida, Polypodiales, Pteridaceae, Ceratopteris, sp. - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 4 fern
involved in density (male and female)
Eudicots, Rosids, Brassicales, Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis, thaliana - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 3 weed grown in
high and low P levels
Magnifies the image, contains a measuring scale (ocular micrometer) - ANSW-Eyepiece
contains prism that allows light to pass from objective to ocular - ANSW-Body tube
gathers light from the specimen, magnifies and projects the magnified image into body tube. (4, 10, 40,
100) - ANSW-Objective lenses
used to adjust the amount of light striking the specimen, also focuses and centers the light. - ANSW-Field
Iris diaphragm
further control of amount of light striking specimen - ANSW-Aperture iris diaphragm
focuses light onto specimen - ANSW-Condenser
Moves stage up alot, moves stage up slightly - ANSW-Coarse Focus/ Fine Focus
when changing to higher magnifications, microscope should be pretty close to focused. - ANSW-Parfocal
10um - ANSW-1 epu @ 10X
2.5um - ANSW-1 epu @ 40X
size of drawing/ actual size of object - ANSW-Mag of drawing=
The observer observes the specimen from slightly different angles with both eyes - ANSW-Why does the
Dissecting Mic yield 3-D view
quicker focus, 3-D view, easy access/ manipulation of specimen, less complicated - ANSW-4 advantages
of Dissecting Mic
1. Report all spills.
2. Tie back hair, roll back sleeves and wear a lab coat.
3. Wash hands before and after experiment.
4. Wipe areas with roccal before and after lab.
5. Arrange lab equipment in ways that prevent one from knocking them over.
6. Use Bunsen burner to flame all non-flammable instruments used to manipulate microorganisms
before and after use.
7. In lieu of a sterile hood one can use a Bunsen burner to sterilize the air around your workspace.
8. Proper disposal of all biologically contaminated materials (autoclave bag). - ANSW-8 points of Aseptic
technique
, This technique ensures that both the cultures being studied and the lab/lab equipment are not
contaminated. - ANSW-Why aseptic technique is important
A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding animals in nature - ANSW-Species
When a lineage splits producing two or more species. - ANSW-Speciation
Geographic isolation and reduction of gene flow. In both instances the frequencies of genes in the
population change over time leading to a reproductively isolated population (also kinda mutation as it is
the most basic source of change) - ANSW-Two main causes of Speciation
Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection. Genetic drift and natural selection are the most
prominent, the source of the variation can be gene flow, mutation or sex. - ANSW-The four mechanisms
of Evolution, which are the two most prominent?
Evolution happens within a population, causing change within the population. Speciation is when a new
species is formed due to a reproductive barrier. - ANSW-Difference between Speciation and Evolution
The transfer of genes from one population to another. Increased diversity within population, decreased
diversity between populations. - ANSW-Gene Flow
The change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling - ANSW-Genetic
Drift
Gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a
function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting
within their environment. - ANSW-Natural Selection
A tree like diagram used to show species relatedness - ANSW-Phylogenies
The much longer time scale for phylogenies - ANSW-Difference between Genealogy and Phylogeny
A group of organisms that is closely related to but not included within a taxon - ANSW-Outgroup
Organism's observable characteristics - ANSW-Phenotype
The history of the evolution of a species or group, in reference to lines of decent and relationships
among broad groups of organisms - ANSW-Phylogeny
The random changing of 1 base - ANSW-Single Base Substitution
When a population splits in two, the two populations start to accumulate different mutations and
therefore become more and more different over time. This continuous accumulation of mutations can be
used, in principle, to estimate how long ago the ancestors of currently living species split into different
lineages. - ANSW-Molecular Clock hypothesis
Because non-neutral mutations cause difference within species, which may lead to speciation. Also so
that the rate of mutation doesn't appear accelerated. - ANSW-Why does the mutation have to be
neutral?
Cytochrome b, encoded on mtDNA and the rate at which it acquires neutral mutations is relatively fast. -
ANSW-What gene is widely used as a genetic marker in phylogenetic studies and why?
Currently living - ANSW-Extant
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Pan, paniscus - ANSW-Bonobo
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Pan, troglodytes - ANSW-Robust Chimp
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Gorilla, gorilla - ANSW-Western Gorilla
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Gorilla, gorilla - ANSW-Western Lowland Gorilla
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapiens - ANSW-Modern Human
Questions and verified Answers
Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Pleurotaceae, Pleurotus, sp. - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 5 mushroom
we cultivated
Tubular filaments that are the basic growth form of the vegetative phase of the fungus. - ANSW-Hyphae
Network of Hyphae - ANSW-Mycelium
Condenser, Objective, Ocular - ANSW-3 Lens system
Pteridophyta, Pteridopsida, Polypodiales, Pteridaceae, Ceratopteris, sp. - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 4 fern
involved in density (male and female)
Eudicots, Rosids, Brassicales, Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis, thaliana - ANSW-Lab 1, Lab 3 weed grown in
high and low P levels
Magnifies the image, contains a measuring scale (ocular micrometer) - ANSW-Eyepiece
contains prism that allows light to pass from objective to ocular - ANSW-Body tube
gathers light from the specimen, magnifies and projects the magnified image into body tube. (4, 10, 40,
100) - ANSW-Objective lenses
used to adjust the amount of light striking the specimen, also focuses and centers the light. - ANSW-Field
Iris diaphragm
further control of amount of light striking specimen - ANSW-Aperture iris diaphragm
focuses light onto specimen - ANSW-Condenser
Moves stage up alot, moves stage up slightly - ANSW-Coarse Focus/ Fine Focus
when changing to higher magnifications, microscope should be pretty close to focused. - ANSW-Parfocal
10um - ANSW-1 epu @ 10X
2.5um - ANSW-1 epu @ 40X
size of drawing/ actual size of object - ANSW-Mag of drawing=
The observer observes the specimen from slightly different angles with both eyes - ANSW-Why does the
Dissecting Mic yield 3-D view
quicker focus, 3-D view, easy access/ manipulation of specimen, less complicated - ANSW-4 advantages
of Dissecting Mic
1. Report all spills.
2. Tie back hair, roll back sleeves and wear a lab coat.
3. Wash hands before and after experiment.
4. Wipe areas with roccal before and after lab.
5. Arrange lab equipment in ways that prevent one from knocking them over.
6. Use Bunsen burner to flame all non-flammable instruments used to manipulate microorganisms
before and after use.
7. In lieu of a sterile hood one can use a Bunsen burner to sterilize the air around your workspace.
8. Proper disposal of all biologically contaminated materials (autoclave bag). - ANSW-8 points of Aseptic
technique
, This technique ensures that both the cultures being studied and the lab/lab equipment are not
contaminated. - ANSW-Why aseptic technique is important
A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding animals in nature - ANSW-Species
When a lineage splits producing two or more species. - ANSW-Speciation
Geographic isolation and reduction of gene flow. In both instances the frequencies of genes in the
population change over time leading to a reproductively isolated population (also kinda mutation as it is
the most basic source of change) - ANSW-Two main causes of Speciation
Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection. Genetic drift and natural selection are the most
prominent, the source of the variation can be gene flow, mutation or sex. - ANSW-The four mechanisms
of Evolution, which are the two most prominent?
Evolution happens within a population, causing change within the population. Speciation is when a new
species is formed due to a reproductive barrier. - ANSW-Difference between Speciation and Evolution
The transfer of genes from one population to another. Increased diversity within population, decreased
diversity between populations. - ANSW-Gene Flow
The change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling - ANSW-Genetic
Drift
Gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a
function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting
within their environment. - ANSW-Natural Selection
A tree like diagram used to show species relatedness - ANSW-Phylogenies
The much longer time scale for phylogenies - ANSW-Difference between Genealogy and Phylogeny
A group of organisms that is closely related to but not included within a taxon - ANSW-Outgroup
Organism's observable characteristics - ANSW-Phenotype
The history of the evolution of a species or group, in reference to lines of decent and relationships
among broad groups of organisms - ANSW-Phylogeny
The random changing of 1 base - ANSW-Single Base Substitution
When a population splits in two, the two populations start to accumulate different mutations and
therefore become more and more different over time. This continuous accumulation of mutations can be
used, in principle, to estimate how long ago the ancestors of currently living species split into different
lineages. - ANSW-Molecular Clock hypothesis
Because non-neutral mutations cause difference within species, which may lead to speciation. Also so
that the rate of mutation doesn't appear accelerated. - ANSW-Why does the mutation have to be
neutral?
Cytochrome b, encoded on mtDNA and the rate at which it acquires neutral mutations is relatively fast. -
ANSW-What gene is widely used as a genetic marker in phylogenetic studies and why?
Currently living - ANSW-Extant
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Pan, paniscus - ANSW-Bonobo
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Pan, troglodytes - ANSW-Robust Chimp
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Gorilla, gorilla - ANSW-Western Gorilla
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Gorilla, gorilla - ANSW-Western Lowland Gorilla
Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapiens - ANSW-Modern Human
