GCU BIO 202 Exam 4 QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS || LATEST UPDATE 2025
autoregulation - ANSWER maintains GFR despite changes in local blood pressre and
blood flow
autoregulation - ANSWER changes diameters of afferent and efferent arterioles and
glomerular capillaries
dilation - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of afferent arterioles
dilation - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of glomerular capillaries (by contraction of mesangial cells)
constriction - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of efferent arterioles
stretches - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ walls of afferent arterioles
contract - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells to
_______
constricts - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ afferent arterioles
decreases - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ glomerular blood flow
yes - ANSWER is autoregulation self-regulated?
constricts - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______
afferent arterioles (fight or flight -> exercising)
decreases - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______
GFR
slows - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______ filtrate
production
decreases - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production _______ blood flow to the glomerulus
exercise - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production i.e. _______
,advil - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production, _______ constricts afferent arteriole even more, leading to hypoperfusion of
kidneys and possible renal failure
renin angiotensin - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of the _______
_______ system
natriuretic peptides - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of _______
_______
oppose - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of natriuretic peptides
(ANP and BNP) _______ aldosterone secretion
proximal convoluted tubule - ANSWER reabsorption occurs in what section of the
nephron?
reabsorption - ANSWER useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys
filtrate, solute - ANSWER 60-70% of _______ volume and 99% of _______ reabsorbed
in proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal - ANSWER reabsorption in PCT has what kind of epithelium?
apical - ANSWER reabsorption in PCT has microvilli on _______ surfaces
pH - ANSWER reabsorption can adjust _______ in PCT - bicarbonate makes blood
more basic
absorb - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT _______ organic nutrients, ions, water, and
plasma proteins from tubular fluid
release - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT _______ them into peritubular fluid and
peritubular capillary
peritubular fluid - ANSWER interstitial fluid around renal tubule
reabsorption - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT CO2 _______ from the tubular fluid results
in 90% of bicarbonate generation and reabsorption from the tubular fluid
secretion - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT active H+ _______ into the tubular fluid
towards - ANSWER nephron loop: renal tubule turns _______ renal medulla
plevis - ANSWER nephron loop: descending limb - fluid flows towards renal _______
cortex - ANSWER nephron loop: ascending limb - fluid flows toward renal _______
,thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: water out, more concentrated urine
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: more solute in space aound limb
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: freely permeable to water, not
permeable to solutes
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: water osmotically flows out og the
renal tubule into the peritubular fluid
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: pumping solute into space around
limb
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: relativelyy impermeable to water
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: pumps (active transport) sodium
and chloride ions out of tubular fluid
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: this creates high colute
concentrations in peritubular fluid
nephron loop - ANSWER osmolarity starts low goes high then back to low in _______
_______
positive - ANSWER this system creates a simple _______ feedback loop which
multiplies the concentration difference between the hypotonic tubular flui in the thick
ascending limb and the hypertonic peritubular fluid deep in the renal medulla
urea - ANSWER _______ production accounts for approx. half of the solute content of
urine
urea - ANSWER results from muscle catabolism and breakdown of amino acids that the
body doesn't need
excretion - ANSWER renal urea _______ muct match the liver production of it
excretion - ANSWER urea is key in regulating the _______ of water
water - ANSWER urea is small and _______ soluble
freely - ANSWER urea is _______ filtered
urea flow - ANSWER recycled from collecting duct -> peritubular fluid of inner medulla -
> vasa recta blood vessels -> back to glomerulus
, hyperosmotic - ANSWER urea allows the kidneys to create _______ urine (urine that
has more ions in it - is "more conccentrated" - than that same person's plasma)
loops of Henle - ANSWER urea recycling in the inner medulla also contributes to the
osmotic gradient generated by the ________ _______ _______
increase - ANSWER ADH _______ water permeability but not urea permeability in the
cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts, causing urea to concentrate in the tubular
fluid in this segment
increases - ANSWER in the inner medullary collecting ducts ADH _______ both water
and urea permeability, which allows urea to flow passively down its concentration
gradient into the interstitial fluid (this adds to the osmotic gradient and helps drive water
reabsorption)
waste - ANSWER urea is a _______ product - got to get rid of it
third - ANSWER distal convoluted tubuler is the _______ segment of the renal tubule
(number)
true - ANSWER T/F: the initial portion of the DCT passes between afferent and efferent
arterioles
smaller - ANSWER DCT has a _______ diameter than PCT
fewer - ANSWER in the DCT, epithelial cells have far _______ microvilli - so less
surface area, less reabsorption
4 - ANSWER how many processes of DCT are there?
secretion - ANSWER DCT process: active _______ of ions (acid/base balance), acids,
drugs, and toxins
selective - ANSWER DCT process: _______ reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions
from tubular fluid
aldosterone - ANSWER stimulates reabsorption of sodium back into the blood -> water
follows
PTH/calcitriol - ANSWER activated form of vitamin D3 that stimulates absorption of
calcium back into blood
maintainance - ANSWER _______ of GFR by the macula densa cells of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus
concentrating - ANSWER selective reabsorption of water: _______ the tubular fluid
ANSWERS || LATEST UPDATE 2025
autoregulation - ANSWER maintains GFR despite changes in local blood pressre and
blood flow
autoregulation - ANSWER changes diameters of afferent and efferent arterioles and
glomerular capillaries
dilation - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of afferent arterioles
dilation - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of glomerular capillaries (by contraction of mesangial cells)
constriction - ANSWER autoregulation: reduced blood flow or glomerular blood pressure
triggers _______ of efferent arterioles
stretches - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ walls of afferent arterioles
contract - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells to
_______
constricts - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ afferent arterioles
decreases - ANSWER rise in renal blood pressure _______ glomerular blood flow
yes - ANSWER is autoregulation self-regulated?
constricts - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______
afferent arterioles (fight or flight -> exercising)
decreases - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______
GFR
slows - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation _______ filtrate
production
decreases - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production _______ blood flow to the glomerulus
exercise - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production i.e. _______
,advil - ANSWER autonomic regulation of GFR sympathetic activation slows filtrate
production, _______ constricts afferent arteriole even more, leading to hypoperfusion of
kidneys and possible renal failure
renin angiotensin - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of the _______
_______ system
natriuretic peptides - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of _______
_______
oppose - ANSWER hormonal regulation of GFR by hormones of natriuretic peptides
(ANP and BNP) _______ aldosterone secretion
proximal convoluted tubule - ANSWER reabsorption occurs in what section of the
nephron?
reabsorption - ANSWER useful materials are recaptured before filtrate leaves kidneys
filtrate, solute - ANSWER 60-70% of _______ volume and 99% of _______ reabsorbed
in proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal - ANSWER reabsorption in PCT has what kind of epithelium?
apical - ANSWER reabsorption in PCT has microvilli on _______ surfaces
pH - ANSWER reabsorption can adjust _______ in PCT - bicarbonate makes blood
more basic
absorb - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT _______ organic nutrients, ions, water, and
plasma proteins from tubular fluid
release - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT _______ them into peritubular fluid and
peritubular capillary
peritubular fluid - ANSWER interstitial fluid around renal tubule
reabsorption - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT CO2 _______ from the tubular fluid results
in 90% of bicarbonate generation and reabsorption from the tubular fluid
secretion - ANSWER tubular cells of PCT active H+ _______ into the tubular fluid
towards - ANSWER nephron loop: renal tubule turns _______ renal medulla
plevis - ANSWER nephron loop: descending limb - fluid flows towards renal _______
cortex - ANSWER nephron loop: ascending limb - fluid flows toward renal _______
,thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: water out, more concentrated urine
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: more solute in space aound limb
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: freely permeable to water, not
permeable to solutes
thin descending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: water osmotically flows out og the
renal tubule into the peritubular fluid
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: pumping solute into space around
limb
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: relativelyy impermeable to water
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: pumps (active transport) sodium
and chloride ions out of tubular fluid
thick ascending segment - ANSWER nephron loop: this creates high colute
concentrations in peritubular fluid
nephron loop - ANSWER osmolarity starts low goes high then back to low in _______
_______
positive - ANSWER this system creates a simple _______ feedback loop which
multiplies the concentration difference between the hypotonic tubular flui in the thick
ascending limb and the hypertonic peritubular fluid deep in the renal medulla
urea - ANSWER _______ production accounts for approx. half of the solute content of
urine
urea - ANSWER results from muscle catabolism and breakdown of amino acids that the
body doesn't need
excretion - ANSWER renal urea _______ muct match the liver production of it
excretion - ANSWER urea is key in regulating the _______ of water
water - ANSWER urea is small and _______ soluble
freely - ANSWER urea is _______ filtered
urea flow - ANSWER recycled from collecting duct -> peritubular fluid of inner medulla -
> vasa recta blood vessels -> back to glomerulus
, hyperosmotic - ANSWER urea allows the kidneys to create _______ urine (urine that
has more ions in it - is "more conccentrated" - than that same person's plasma)
loops of Henle - ANSWER urea recycling in the inner medulla also contributes to the
osmotic gradient generated by the ________ _______ _______
increase - ANSWER ADH _______ water permeability but not urea permeability in the
cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts, causing urea to concentrate in the tubular
fluid in this segment
increases - ANSWER in the inner medullary collecting ducts ADH _______ both water
and urea permeability, which allows urea to flow passively down its concentration
gradient into the interstitial fluid (this adds to the osmotic gradient and helps drive water
reabsorption)
waste - ANSWER urea is a _______ product - got to get rid of it
third - ANSWER distal convoluted tubuler is the _______ segment of the renal tubule
(number)
true - ANSWER T/F: the initial portion of the DCT passes between afferent and efferent
arterioles
smaller - ANSWER DCT has a _______ diameter than PCT
fewer - ANSWER in the DCT, epithelial cells have far _______ microvilli - so less
surface area, less reabsorption
4 - ANSWER how many processes of DCT are there?
secretion - ANSWER DCT process: active _______ of ions (acid/base balance), acids,
drugs, and toxins
selective - ANSWER DCT process: _______ reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions
from tubular fluid
aldosterone - ANSWER stimulates reabsorption of sodium back into the blood -> water
follows
PTH/calcitriol - ANSWER activated form of vitamin D3 that stimulates absorption of
calcium back into blood
maintainance - ANSWER _______ of GFR by the macula densa cells of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus
concentrating - ANSWER selective reabsorption of water: _______ the tubular fluid
