Portage Learning Pathophysiology | | |
Module 2 Exam with precise detailed | | | | | |
answers
cancer ; |
- second leading cause of death in the United States
| | | | | | | | |
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
| | | | |
neoplasia - Correct answer ✔- means "new growth."
| | | | | | |
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
| | | | | | |
- new growth itself is neoplasm
| | | | |
Proliferation, - Correct answer ✔process of cell division, is an adaptive process
| | | | | | | | | | | |
for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Differentiation - Correct answer ✔process by which cells become more
| | | | | | | | | |
specialized with each mitotic division.
| | | |
Apoptosis - Correct answer ✔eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or
| | | | | | | | |
unwanted cells through a process of controlled cell death.
| | | | | | | |
,Proto-oncogenes - Correct answer ✔encode proteins that signal for the cell to | | | | | | | | | | | |
proliferate through a tightly regulated process | | | | |
tumor suppressor genes - Correct answer ✔encode proteins that inhibit cell
| | | | | | | | | | |
growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis | | | | | |
cell cycle - Correct answer ✔- process by which a cell duplicates its genetic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
information and divides between two genetically identical daughter cells, | | | | | | | |
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
| | | | | | |
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protein synthesis begins. | |
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes,
| | | | | | | | | | |
one for each daughter cell.
| | | |
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues.
| | | | | | | | | | |
These first three phases are referred to as interphase.
| | | | | | | |
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to | | | | | | | | | |
cycle from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
state known as G0. A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when nutrients become available, or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the cell receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other signals that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury. Notably, highly
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently
| | | | | | | | |
stay in G0 | |
cell cycle checkpoints - Correct answer ✔a means of molecular surveillance
| | | | | | | | | | |
used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the cycle is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on
| | | | | | | | | | |
correctly.
Cell proliferation - Correct answer ✔process of increasing cell numbers by
| | | | | | | | | | |
mitotic cell division | |
Human cell categories: - Correct answer ✔1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
| | | | | | | |
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
| | | | |
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
| | |
3 groups of cells that proliferate: - Correct answer ✔(1) well-differentiated
| | | | | | | | | | |
neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
reproduce; |
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood, skin, and liver cells;
| | | | |
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
numbers of progenitor cells if needed. | | | | |
, Cell differentiation - Correct answer ✔process by which cells become more
| | | | | | | | | | |
specialized in both their structure and function. | | | | | |
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
composition, function, and turnover (lifespan) rates. | | | | |
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into
| | | | | | | | |
specialized adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
serve as an oxygen transport for about three months.
| | | | | | | |
progenitor or parent cells - Correct answer ✔When specialized cells are unable
| | | | | | | | | | | |
to divide, these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells are not yet fully differentiated to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the same extent as mature specialized cells and yet are differentiated enough to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
| | | | | | | |
Stem cells - Correct answer ✔- remain incompletely differentiated and dormant
| | | | | | | | | | |
until they are needed. | | |
- begin to divide, producing not only other stem cells, but also cells capable of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
carrying out the functions of the needed differentiated cell.
| | | | | | | |
- When a stem cell divides, one daughter cell retains the stem cell
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
characteristics, while the other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell until it | | | | | | | | | | | |
reaches a state of terminal differentiation | | | | |
Two important properties that stem cells possess are - Correct answer ✔(1) self-
| | | | | | | | | | | |
renewal
- stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
| | | | | | | | | | |
undifferentiated state. |
(2) potency |
Module 2 Exam with precise detailed | | | | | |
answers
cancer ; |
- second leading cause of death in the United States
| | | | | | | | |
- unregulated growth of abnormal cells.
| | | | |
neoplasia - Correct answer ✔- means "new growth."
| | | | | | |
- disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
| | | | | | |
- new growth itself is neoplasm
| | | | |
Proliferation, - Correct answer ✔process of cell division, is an adaptive process
| | | | | | | | | | | |
for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Differentiation - Correct answer ✔process by which cells become more
| | | | | | | | | |
specialized with each mitotic division.
| | | |
Apoptosis - Correct answer ✔eliminates senescent (old), damaged, or
| | | | | | | | |
unwanted cells through a process of controlled cell death.
| | | | | | | |
,Proto-oncogenes - Correct answer ✔encode proteins that signal for the cell to | | | | | | | | | | | |
proliferate through a tightly regulated process | | | | |
tumor suppressor genes - Correct answer ✔encode proteins that inhibit cell
| | | | | | | | | | |
growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis | | | | | |
cell cycle - Correct answer ✔- process by which a cell duplicates its genetic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
information and divides between two genetically identical daughter cells, | | | | | | | |
- four phases: G1, S, G2, and M.
| | | | | | |
G1 (gap 1): DNA synthesis stops while the cell enlarges and both RNA and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protein synthesis begins. | |
S phase: DNA synthesis occurs, producing two separate sets of chromosomes,
| | | | | | | | | | |
one for each daughter cell.
| | | |
G2 (gap 2): DNA synthesis again stops while RNA/protein synthesis continues.
| | | | | | | | | | |
These first three phases are referred to as interphase.
| | | | | | | |
M phase: consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to | | | | | | | | | |
cycle from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
state known as G0. A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when nutrients become available, or
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the cell receives stimuli via growth factors, hormones, or other signals that
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury. Notably, highly
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like neurons, may permanently
| | | | | | | | |
stay in G0 | |
cell cycle checkpoints - Correct answer ✔a means of molecular surveillance
| | | | | | | | | | |
used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase. If not, the cycle is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA damage
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on
| | | | | | | | | | |
correctly.
Cell proliferation - Correct answer ✔process of increasing cell numbers by
| | | | | | | | | | |
mitotic cell division | |
Human cell categories: - Correct answer ✔1. gametes (ovum and sperm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
- haploid, one set of chromosomes from one parent
| | | | | | | |
-when fuse, become diploid somatic cells
| | | | |
2. somatic (non-reproductive) cells.
| | |
3 groups of cells that proliferate: - Correct answer ✔(1) well-differentiated
| | | | | | | | | | |
neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that rarely divide and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
reproduce; |
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, such as
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood, skin, and liver cells;
| | | | |
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
numbers of progenitor cells if needed. | | | | |
, Cell differentiation - Correct answer ✔process by which cells become more
| | | | | | | | | | |
specialized in both their structure and function. | | | | | |
- resulting adult cell has a specific set of characteristics relative to its
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
composition, function, and turnover (lifespan) rates. | | | | |
-example: generalized blood-forming cells in the bone marrow differentiate into
| | | | | | | | |
specialized adult red blood cells programmed to develop into concave disks and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
serve as an oxygen transport for about three months.
| | | | | | | |
progenitor or parent cells - Correct answer ✔When specialized cells are unable
| | | | | | | | | | | |
to divide, these cell populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
lineage that are still able to divide. Such cells are not yet fully differentiated to
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the same extent as mature specialized cells and yet are differentiated enough to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
give rise to daughter cells of the same lineage.
| | | | | | | |
Stem cells - Correct answer ✔- remain incompletely differentiated and dormant
| | | | | | | | | | |
until they are needed. | | |
- begin to divide, producing not only other stem cells, but also cells capable of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
carrying out the functions of the needed differentiated cell.
| | | | | | | |
- When a stem cell divides, one daughter cell retains the stem cell
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
characteristics, while the other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell until it | | | | | | | | | | | |
reaches a state of terminal differentiation | | | | |
Two important properties that stem cells possess are - Correct answer ✔(1) self-
| | | | | | | | | | | |
renewal
- stem cell can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
| | | | | | | | | | |
undifferentiated state. |
(2) potency |
