Portage Learning pathophysiology | | |
midterm Exam with verified solutions & | | | | | |
rationales
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse
| | | | | | | | | | | |
providing care for the man is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
is playing a role in his body's fight against the underlying infectious process.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Which teaching points should the nurse eliminate from client education?
| | | | | | | | | |
A. "Inflammation can help to remove the body tissue cells that have been | | | | | | | | | | | |
damaged by infection." B. | | | |
B. "Inflammation will start your body on the path to growing new, healthy | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue at the site of infection." | | | | |
C. C. "Inflammation helps your body to produce the right antibodies to fight
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the infection."
| | |
D. D. "Inflammation ultimately aids in eliminating the initial cause of the
| | | | | | | | | | |
cell injury in your appendix." | | | | |
- Correct answer ✔Answer: C Rationale: Antibody production is not a
| | | | | | | | | | |
noted component of the inflammatory response. Removing damaged
| | | | | | | |
cells, generating new tissue, and eliminating the cause of cell injury are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
all documented components of the inflammatory response.
| | | | | |
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant
| | | | | | | | | |
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The client's physician has ordered a
| | | | | | | | | |
complete blood count and white cell differential. Which blood component
| | | | | | | | | |
would the physician most likely anticipate to be elevated?
| | | | | | | |
,| A. Basophils | |
B. Eosinophils
| |
C. Platelets
| |
D. Neutrophils - Correct answer ✔Answer: D Rationale: Increased neutrophils
| | | | | | | | | |
are associated with inflammation, in general, and bacterial infections in
| | | | | | | | | |
particular. Platelets play a role in inflammation but their levels would not rise to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the same extent as would neutrophils. Eosinophils are not strongly associated
| | | | | | | | | | | |
with bacterial infection and basophils would not increase to the same degree as
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
neutrophils.
A 16-year-old girl has broken her arm while snowboarding and is shocked at the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
amount of swelling at the injury site. Which statement best explains the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
physiologic rationale for her swelling? | | | | |
A. Migration and proliferation of mast cells, neutrophils, and platelets to the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury site occupy an increased volume of tissue.
| | | | | | | |
B. Potent vasodilation increases the total volume of vascular space at the site of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammation.
C. Osmotic flow of plasma into the intravascular space causes increased blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
volume and interstitial fluid. | | | |
D. Loss of plasma proteins causes an increase in interstitial osmotic pressure. -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Correct answer ✔Rationale: Swelling is the result of plasma proteins leaving the
| | | | | | | | | | |
interstitial space, resulting in increased osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
| | | | | | | | | | |
and movement of fluid into tissues. Neither blood components, vasodilation,
| | | | | | | | | |
nor increased intravascular volume account for swelling.
| | | | | |
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the
| | | | | | | | | | |
site of inflammation?
| | | |
,A. Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move along blood vessel
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
walls.
|B. Increased numbers of leukocytes are released into circulation via cytokine
| | | | | | | | | | |
stimulation. |
C. Leukocytes are osmotically drawn from circulation into the interstitial space
| | | | | | | | | | |
as a result of swelling.
| | | |
|D. Epithelium expresses leukocyte stimulation factors in response to cell injury.
| | | | | | | | | |
|- Correct answer ✔Answer: A Rationale: During inflammation, leukocytes
| | | | | | | | |
accumulate at the point of epithelial contact in the processes of margination, | | | | | | | | | | | |
adhesion, and transmigration. This is not directly achieved by way of increased
| | | | | | | | | | | |
leukocyte production or release, nor by osmotic pressure. The epithelium does
| | | | | | | | | | |
not produce leukocyte stimulation factors.
| | | |
When explaining the final stages of the inflammatory response to pathogens,
| | | | | | | | | | |
the nurse should include which educational topics? PRIMEXAM.COM
| | | | | | | |
A. How the body can kill the pathogen by generating toxic oxygen and nitrogen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
products, producing such things as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide
| | | | | | | | | |
B. Margination, which is a process whereby white cells (leukocytes) stick to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
endothelium and accumulate along the blood vessel | | | | | |
C. The increase in vascular permeability, which lets fluids leak into the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
extravascular tissues | |
D. The promotion of tissue regeneration, whereby monocytes and macrophages
| | | | | | | | | |
produce potent prostaglandins and leukotrienes. - Correct answer ✔Answer: A
| | | | | | | | | |
Rationale: The latter stages of phagocytosis result in intracellular killing of
| | | | | | | | | | |
pathogens, accomplished by several mechanisms, including toxic oxygen and | | | | | | | | |
nitrogen products, lysozymes, proteases, and defensins. The metabolic burst
| | | | | | | | |
pathways generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen products (e.g., nitric oxide,
| | | | | | | | | |
hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid). Margination is the early stages of
| | | | | | | | | | |
, the inflammatory response. Vascular changes occur with inflammation but are
| | | | | | | | | |
prior to the final stage. Macrophages arrive within hours at the inflammation
| | | | | | | | | | | |
site.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammatory response? |
| A. Histamine |
| B. Helper T cells C.
| | | | |
B cells D. Vitamin K - Correct answer ✔Rationale: Histamine is a key mediator
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in the inflammatory system, unlike helper T cells, B cells, or vitamin K.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
When educating a client with a wound that is not healing, the nurse should
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
stress which dietary modifications to ward off some of the negative
| | | | | | | | | | |
manifestations that can occur with inflammation? | | | | | |
A. Increase the amount of calcium in the diet, especially drinking milk and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
eating cheese. | |
B. This is the one time whereby you should eat more fat (both polyunsaturated
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and saturated) so you can absorb more fat-soluble vitamins.
| | | | | | | | |
C. Since there is a loss of plasma proteins, you should increase your intake of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
organ meats like liver. | | | |
D. Increase your intake of oily fish and fish oil so that you will increase
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
absorption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. - Correct answer ✔Answer: | | | | | | | | | |
D Rationale: Dietary modification of the inflammatory response through the
| | | | | | | | | |
use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically eicosatetraenoic acid
| | | | | | | | |
and docosahexaenoic acid, which are present in oily fish and fish oil, may be
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
effective in preventing some negative manifestations of inflammation.| | | | | | |
midterm Exam with verified solutions & | | | | | |
rationales
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse
| | | | | | | | | | | |
providing care for the man is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
is playing a role in his body's fight against the underlying infectious process.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Which teaching points should the nurse eliminate from client education?
| | | | | | | | | |
A. "Inflammation can help to remove the body tissue cells that have been | | | | | | | | | | | |
damaged by infection." B. | | | |
B. "Inflammation will start your body on the path to growing new, healthy | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue at the site of infection." | | | | |
C. C. "Inflammation helps your body to produce the right antibodies to fight
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the infection."
| | |
D. D. "Inflammation ultimately aids in eliminating the initial cause of the
| | | | | | | | | | |
cell injury in your appendix." | | | | |
- Correct answer ✔Answer: C Rationale: Antibody production is not a
| | | | | | | | | | |
noted component of the inflammatory response. Removing damaged
| | | | | | | |
cells, generating new tissue, and eliminating the cause of cell injury are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
all documented components of the inflammatory response.
| | | | | |
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant
| | | | | | | | | |
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The client's physician has ordered a
| | | | | | | | | |
complete blood count and white cell differential. Which blood component
| | | | | | | | | |
would the physician most likely anticipate to be elevated?
| | | | | | | |
,| A. Basophils | |
B. Eosinophils
| |
C. Platelets
| |
D. Neutrophils - Correct answer ✔Answer: D Rationale: Increased neutrophils
| | | | | | | | | |
are associated with inflammation, in general, and bacterial infections in
| | | | | | | | | |
particular. Platelets play a role in inflammation but their levels would not rise to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the same extent as would neutrophils. Eosinophils are not strongly associated
| | | | | | | | | | | |
with bacterial infection and basophils would not increase to the same degree as
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
neutrophils.
A 16-year-old girl has broken her arm while snowboarding and is shocked at the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
amount of swelling at the injury site. Which statement best explains the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
physiologic rationale for her swelling? | | | | |
A. Migration and proliferation of mast cells, neutrophils, and platelets to the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
injury site occupy an increased volume of tissue.
| | | | | | | |
B. Potent vasodilation increases the total volume of vascular space at the site of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammation.
C. Osmotic flow of plasma into the intravascular space causes increased blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
volume and interstitial fluid. | | | |
D. Loss of plasma proteins causes an increase in interstitial osmotic pressure. -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Correct answer ✔Rationale: Swelling is the result of plasma proteins leaving the
| | | | | | | | | | |
interstitial space, resulting in increased osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
| | | | | | | | | | |
and movement of fluid into tissues. Neither blood components, vasodilation,
| | | | | | | | | |
nor increased intravascular volume account for swelling.
| | | | | |
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the
| | | | | | | | | | |
site of inflammation?
| | | |
,A. Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move along blood vessel
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
walls.
|B. Increased numbers of leukocytes are released into circulation via cytokine
| | | | | | | | | | |
stimulation. |
C. Leukocytes are osmotically drawn from circulation into the interstitial space
| | | | | | | | | | |
as a result of swelling.
| | | |
|D. Epithelium expresses leukocyte stimulation factors in response to cell injury.
| | | | | | | | | |
|- Correct answer ✔Answer: A Rationale: During inflammation, leukocytes
| | | | | | | | |
accumulate at the point of epithelial contact in the processes of margination, | | | | | | | | | | | |
adhesion, and transmigration. This is not directly achieved by way of increased
| | | | | | | | | | | |
leukocyte production or release, nor by osmotic pressure. The epithelium does
| | | | | | | | | | |
not produce leukocyte stimulation factors.
| | | |
When explaining the final stages of the inflammatory response to pathogens,
| | | | | | | | | | |
the nurse should include which educational topics? PRIMEXAM.COM
| | | | | | | |
A. How the body can kill the pathogen by generating toxic oxygen and nitrogen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
products, producing such things as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide
| | | | | | | | | |
B. Margination, which is a process whereby white cells (leukocytes) stick to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
endothelium and accumulate along the blood vessel | | | | | |
C. The increase in vascular permeability, which lets fluids leak into the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
extravascular tissues | |
D. The promotion of tissue regeneration, whereby monocytes and macrophages
| | | | | | | | | |
produce potent prostaglandins and leukotrienes. - Correct answer ✔Answer: A
| | | | | | | | | |
Rationale: The latter stages of phagocytosis result in intracellular killing of
| | | | | | | | | | |
pathogens, accomplished by several mechanisms, including toxic oxygen and | | | | | | | | |
nitrogen products, lysozymes, proteases, and defensins. The metabolic burst
| | | | | | | | |
pathways generate toxic oxygen and nitrogen products (e.g., nitric oxide,
| | | | | | | | | |
hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid). Margination is the early stages of
| | | | | | | | | | |
, the inflammatory response. Vascular changes occur with inflammation but are
| | | | | | | | | |
prior to the final stage. Macrophages arrive within hours at the inflammation
| | | | | | | | | | | |
site.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammatory response? |
| A. Histamine |
| B. Helper T cells C.
| | | | |
B cells D. Vitamin K - Correct answer ✔Rationale: Histamine is a key mediator
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in the inflammatory system, unlike helper T cells, B cells, or vitamin K.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
When educating a client with a wound that is not healing, the nurse should
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
stress which dietary modifications to ward off some of the negative
| | | | | | | | | | |
manifestations that can occur with inflammation? | | | | | |
A. Increase the amount of calcium in the diet, especially drinking milk and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
eating cheese. | |
B. This is the one time whereby you should eat more fat (both polyunsaturated
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and saturated) so you can absorb more fat-soluble vitamins.
| | | | | | | | |
C. Since there is a loss of plasma proteins, you should increase your intake of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
organ meats like liver. | | | |
D. Increase your intake of oily fish and fish oil so that you will increase
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
absorption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. - Correct answer ✔Answer: | | | | | | | | | |
D Rationale: Dietary modification of the inflammatory response through the
| | | | | | | | | |
use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically eicosatetraenoic acid
| | | | | | | | |
and docosahexaenoic acid, which are present in oily fish and fish oil, may be
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
effective in preventing some negative manifestations of inflammation.| | | | | | |
