CHAMBERLAIN NR507 LATEST
MIDTERM EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
Stages of Heart Failure (ACC/AHA) - ANSWERS-- Stage A: patient has risk
factors (CAD) but no symptoms; no structural heart damage.
- Stage B: patient has structural heart damage (MI), but still no symptoms.
- Stage C: patient is symptomatic with alteration in their daily functions due to
dyspnea, swelling, etc. This is where their NYHA functional classifications come
into play.
- Stage D: end-stage heart failure- have maximized medications to treat it- may
need heart transplant or pacemaker
QUESTION 2
NYHA Functional Classifications - ANSWERS-- Stage I: mild; no limitation of
physical activity; ordinary physical activity doesn't cause symptoms.
- Stage II: mild; slight limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; ordinary
physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
- Stage III: moderate; marked decrease in physical activity; marked limitation of
physical activity; comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue,
palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
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PAGE
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, CHAMBERLAIN NR507 LATEST
MIDTERM EXAM
- Stage IV: severe; inability to carry on any physical activity w/out discomfort.
Symptoms of HF or the anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any
physical activity is undertaken, discomfort increases.
QUESTION 3
Aortic Stenosis - ANSWERS-- Narrowing of the aorta.
- S/S: syncope (fainting), chest pressure upon exercising, dyspnea, left ventricular
hypertrophy, sustained laterally displaced apical pulse, S4 gallop.
- Murmur: mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo @ base and radiating to the neck.
QUESTION 4
Aortic Regurgitation - ANSWERS-- Flow of blood backward from the aorta into
the heart (left ventricle); caused by a weak/"floppy" aortic valve.
- S/S: SOB that progressively worsens, exercise intolerance, chest x-ray shows
pulmonary edema & cardiomegaly
- Murmur: diastolic rumbling sound @ apex; systolic crescendo-decrescendo @
left upper sternal border; high-pitched early diastolic murmur @ left lower sternal
border.
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, CHAMBERLAIN NR507 LATEST
MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTION 5
Mitral Regurgitation - ANSWERS-- "Floppy" mitral valve. Blood goes back into
the left atrium and into pulmonary system.
- S/S: SOB, jugular vein distention, crackles in bilateral lung bases
- Murmur: blowing, holosystolic/pansystolic murmur @ apex and radiates to the
back & axilla
QUESTION 6
Mitral Valve Prolapse - ANSWERS-- Valve bulges into left atrium
- S/S: asymptomatic, MVP syndrome (atypical chest pain, palpitations, SOB,
dizziness/syncope)
- Murmur: mid-systolic click
QUESTION 7
Mitral Stenosis - ANSWERS-- "tight" mitral valve; blood backs up into left atrium
& lungs.
- associated w/Hx of rheumatic heart disease.
END OF
PAGE
3
MIDTERM EXAM
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
Stages of Heart Failure (ACC/AHA) - ANSWERS-- Stage A: patient has risk
factors (CAD) but no symptoms; no structural heart damage.
- Stage B: patient has structural heart damage (MI), but still no symptoms.
- Stage C: patient is symptomatic with alteration in their daily functions due to
dyspnea, swelling, etc. This is where their NYHA functional classifications come
into play.
- Stage D: end-stage heart failure- have maximized medications to treat it- may
need heart transplant or pacemaker
QUESTION 2
NYHA Functional Classifications - ANSWERS-- Stage I: mild; no limitation of
physical activity; ordinary physical activity doesn't cause symptoms.
- Stage II: mild; slight limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; ordinary
physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
- Stage III: moderate; marked decrease in physical activity; marked limitation of
physical activity; comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue,
palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
END OF
PAGE
1
, CHAMBERLAIN NR507 LATEST
MIDTERM EXAM
- Stage IV: severe; inability to carry on any physical activity w/out discomfort.
Symptoms of HF or the anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any
physical activity is undertaken, discomfort increases.
QUESTION 3
Aortic Stenosis - ANSWERS-- Narrowing of the aorta.
- S/S: syncope (fainting), chest pressure upon exercising, dyspnea, left ventricular
hypertrophy, sustained laterally displaced apical pulse, S4 gallop.
- Murmur: mid-systolic crescendo-decrescendo @ base and radiating to the neck.
QUESTION 4
Aortic Regurgitation - ANSWERS-- Flow of blood backward from the aorta into
the heart (left ventricle); caused by a weak/"floppy" aortic valve.
- S/S: SOB that progressively worsens, exercise intolerance, chest x-ray shows
pulmonary edema & cardiomegaly
- Murmur: diastolic rumbling sound @ apex; systolic crescendo-decrescendo @
left upper sternal border; high-pitched early diastolic murmur @ left lower sternal
border.
END OF
PAGE
2
, CHAMBERLAIN NR507 LATEST
MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTION 5
Mitral Regurgitation - ANSWERS-- "Floppy" mitral valve. Blood goes back into
the left atrium and into pulmonary system.
- S/S: SOB, jugular vein distention, crackles in bilateral lung bases
- Murmur: blowing, holosystolic/pansystolic murmur @ apex and radiates to the
back & axilla
QUESTION 6
Mitral Valve Prolapse - ANSWERS-- Valve bulges into left atrium
- S/S: asymptomatic, MVP syndrome (atypical chest pain, palpitations, SOB,
dizziness/syncope)
- Murmur: mid-systolic click
QUESTION 7
Mitral Stenosis - ANSWERS-- "tight" mitral valve; blood backs up into left atrium
& lungs.
- associated w/Hx of rheumatic heart disease.
END OF
PAGE
3
