BIO 322 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
If Claire has a hematocrit of 24 and a plasma glucose concentration of 80 mg/dl, how
much glucose does she have in her plasma? - ANSWER96 mg
Calculate the amount of K+ in plasma. Assume that the hematocrit is 50 and that there
are 5 L of blood in your patient. The MW of K+ is 35 g/mol. - ANSWER12.5 mmol
During the flu season and during allergy season some physicians recommend using a
nasal rinse. These solutions are made with a buffer to regulate pH, and are hyper-tonic.
Why would rinsing mucous membranes in your nose help to reduce symptoms like a
runny nose? - ANSWERA hyper-tonic solution shrinks cells in the nasal membranes
and reduce symptoms.
What are the main neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems? - ANSWERSympathetic = fight or flight = epinephrine. Parasympathetic =rest
and digest = acetylcholine.
Where is an interstitial cell in males and what does it do? - ANSWERIt is located in the
wall of the seminiferous tubule and it secrets testosterone.
What is a nurse cell in males? - ANSWERThese cells surround and support developing
spermatocytes in the wall of the seminiferous tubules.
Where does a spermatozoon develop and how does it leave the body? -
ANSWERSpermatids develop throughout life in the testes and epididymis. Sperm move
through the ductus deferens (vas deferens), and leave the body via the urethra.
Isotonic saline contains 150 mM NaCl. What is the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in this
solution? - ANSWERNa+ = 150 mM and Cl- = 150 mM
What is meiosis and mitosis? - ANSWERMeiosis is called a reduction division since it
reduces the number of chromosomes. It occurs during production of gametes. Mitosis is
part of the process of somatic cell division.
What is the blood testes barrier? - ANSWERIt is formed by nurse cells and it isolates
the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation.
The decline in levels of progesterone and estrogen that accompany degeneration of the
corpus luteum - ANSWERResults in menses or destruction of the functional zone of the
endometrium.
, Oocytes - ANSWERAre produced in the ovary and enter uterine tube via the
infundibulum, and implant in the uterine wall if fertilization occurs.
What statement is correct? - ANSWER1. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
overlaps with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle.
2. The two phases of the uterine cycle include follicular and luteal.
3. The three uterine phases include menses, proliferative, and secretory.
4. Follicular phases during the uterine cycle require LH and FSH which are secreted by
the ovary.
(three)
Ovulation - ANSWERHappens near the middle of the reproductive cycle when an
oocyte is released by the ovary into the uterine tube, where is can be fertilized during
the next 12-24 hours.
What is the concentration of KCL if you dissolve 50 grams in 1L of water? The MW of
KCl is 74 g/mol. - ANSWER0.67 M
What is a body fluid compartment? - ANSWERFluid compartments are 'spaces'
separated by a semipermeable membrane. 2 main compartments are extracellular and
intracellular. Water moves quickly between compartments by osmosis.
What is exactly is edema? What causes it? - ANSWEREdema refers to swelling that is
caused by excess fluid. There can be many causes including starvation, liver failure,
heart failure, or kidney disease.
A meal that is high in salt will cause temporary edema. Why? - ANSWERAbsorption of
NaCl at the GI tract results in increased water absorption as well. If the NaCl increases
plasma osmolarity then ADH is released which stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidney. This fluid expands the extracellular volume resulting in edema.
Bruising is usually associated with swelling. Why? - ANSWERBlood loss from capillaries
results in some plasma proteins moving to the interstitial space. These proteins, which
are usually on inside the capillary, reduce reabsorption.
Extensive tissue damage is associated with hyperkalemia. Why? -
ANSWERHyperkalemia refers to excessive K+ in the plasma and results from cell
destruction and the subsequent release of K+ into the plasma (intracellular K+ is high).
The typical plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/Dl. Express this in different units,
mol/L. The molecular weight of glucose is 180 g/mol. 1 Dl = 100 mL = 0.1L -
ANSWER5.5 mmol/L
ANSWERS 2025
If Claire has a hematocrit of 24 and a plasma glucose concentration of 80 mg/dl, how
much glucose does she have in her plasma? - ANSWER96 mg
Calculate the amount of K+ in plasma. Assume that the hematocrit is 50 and that there
are 5 L of blood in your patient. The MW of K+ is 35 g/mol. - ANSWER12.5 mmol
During the flu season and during allergy season some physicians recommend using a
nasal rinse. These solutions are made with a buffer to regulate pH, and are hyper-tonic.
Why would rinsing mucous membranes in your nose help to reduce symptoms like a
runny nose? - ANSWERA hyper-tonic solution shrinks cells in the nasal membranes
and reduce symptoms.
What are the main neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems? - ANSWERSympathetic = fight or flight = epinephrine. Parasympathetic =rest
and digest = acetylcholine.
Where is an interstitial cell in males and what does it do? - ANSWERIt is located in the
wall of the seminiferous tubule and it secrets testosterone.
What is a nurse cell in males? - ANSWERThese cells surround and support developing
spermatocytes in the wall of the seminiferous tubules.
Where does a spermatozoon develop and how does it leave the body? -
ANSWERSpermatids develop throughout life in the testes and epididymis. Sperm move
through the ductus deferens (vas deferens), and leave the body via the urethra.
Isotonic saline contains 150 mM NaCl. What is the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in this
solution? - ANSWERNa+ = 150 mM and Cl- = 150 mM
What is meiosis and mitosis? - ANSWERMeiosis is called a reduction division since it
reduces the number of chromosomes. It occurs during production of gametes. Mitosis is
part of the process of somatic cell division.
What is the blood testes barrier? - ANSWERIt is formed by nurse cells and it isolates
the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation.
The decline in levels of progesterone and estrogen that accompany degeneration of the
corpus luteum - ANSWERResults in menses or destruction of the functional zone of the
endometrium.
, Oocytes - ANSWERAre produced in the ovary and enter uterine tube via the
infundibulum, and implant in the uterine wall if fertilization occurs.
What statement is correct? - ANSWER1. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
overlaps with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle.
2. The two phases of the uterine cycle include follicular and luteal.
3. The three uterine phases include menses, proliferative, and secretory.
4. Follicular phases during the uterine cycle require LH and FSH which are secreted by
the ovary.
(three)
Ovulation - ANSWERHappens near the middle of the reproductive cycle when an
oocyte is released by the ovary into the uterine tube, where is can be fertilized during
the next 12-24 hours.
What is the concentration of KCL if you dissolve 50 grams in 1L of water? The MW of
KCl is 74 g/mol. - ANSWER0.67 M
What is a body fluid compartment? - ANSWERFluid compartments are 'spaces'
separated by a semipermeable membrane. 2 main compartments are extracellular and
intracellular. Water moves quickly between compartments by osmosis.
What is exactly is edema? What causes it? - ANSWEREdema refers to swelling that is
caused by excess fluid. There can be many causes including starvation, liver failure,
heart failure, or kidney disease.
A meal that is high in salt will cause temporary edema. Why? - ANSWERAbsorption of
NaCl at the GI tract results in increased water absorption as well. If the NaCl increases
plasma osmolarity then ADH is released which stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidney. This fluid expands the extracellular volume resulting in edema.
Bruising is usually associated with swelling. Why? - ANSWERBlood loss from capillaries
results in some plasma proteins moving to the interstitial space. These proteins, which
are usually on inside the capillary, reduce reabsorption.
Extensive tissue damage is associated with hyperkalemia. Why? -
ANSWERHyperkalemia refers to excessive K+ in the plasma and results from cell
destruction and the subsequent release of K+ into the plasma (intracellular K+ is high).
The typical plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/Dl. Express this in different units,
mol/L. The molecular weight of glucose is 180 g/mol. 1 Dl = 100 mL = 0.1L -
ANSWER5.5 mmol/L
