Chapter 12 : Energy and respiration
12.1.1 - outline the need for energy in living organisms, as illustrated by active transport, movement and
anabolic reactions, such as those occurring in DNA replication and protein synthesis
Forms of energy -> Light energy
Forms of energy -> Chemical energy
Forms of energy -> Mechanical energy
Forms of energy -> Heat energy
Why are these energy needed?
Light energy:
- Light energy needed for photosynthesis (light dependent reaction)
Chemical energy:
- Chemical energy needed for anabolic reactions (simple to complex compound)
a. DNA synthesis (Nucleotide -> DNA)
b. Protein synthesis (Amino acid -> polypeptide)
- Chemical energy needed for activation of glucose in glycolysis
- Chemical energy needed for active transport
a. Sodium-potassium pump
b. ATP provide energy to carrier protein to allow movement of substances against concentration
gradient
Mechanical energy:
- Mechanical energy needed for movement
- Muscle contraction to allow movement
Heat energy:
- Heat energy needed to maintain the body temperature
, 12.1.2 - describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency
Structure of ATP (Adenosine thiophosphate)
- Adenosine refers to adenine + ribose
(adenosine is a nucleoside)
- Thiophosphate refers to 3 phosphate groups
- ATP is a nucleotide made of
3 phosphate + adenine + ribose sugar
How does ATP releases energy?
- ATP releases energy by losing phosphate via hydrolysis (30.5 kJ mol-1)
- ATP -> ADP + Pi
ATP synthesis (ADP + Pi -> ATP)
- ATP synthesis during respiration & photosynthesis
- 3 main ways of ATP synthesis
a. Substrate-linked phosphorylation
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmotic Theory
c. Photophosphorylation
Why ATP is suitable as universal energy currency
- ATP is small packets of energy
- ATP is small & water soluble, so ATP can move around cell
- ATP can be used by cell as immediate energy donor
- Link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions
- High turnover (Means it has constant production and destruction)
12.1.1 - outline the need for energy in living organisms, as illustrated by active transport, movement and
anabolic reactions, such as those occurring in DNA replication and protein synthesis
Forms of energy -> Light energy
Forms of energy -> Chemical energy
Forms of energy -> Mechanical energy
Forms of energy -> Heat energy
Why are these energy needed?
Light energy:
- Light energy needed for photosynthesis (light dependent reaction)
Chemical energy:
- Chemical energy needed for anabolic reactions (simple to complex compound)
a. DNA synthesis (Nucleotide -> DNA)
b. Protein synthesis (Amino acid -> polypeptide)
- Chemical energy needed for activation of glucose in glycolysis
- Chemical energy needed for active transport
a. Sodium-potassium pump
b. ATP provide energy to carrier protein to allow movement of substances against concentration
gradient
Mechanical energy:
- Mechanical energy needed for movement
- Muscle contraction to allow movement
Heat energy:
- Heat energy needed to maintain the body temperature
, 12.1.2 - describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency
Structure of ATP (Adenosine thiophosphate)
- Adenosine refers to adenine + ribose
(adenosine is a nucleoside)
- Thiophosphate refers to 3 phosphate groups
- ATP is a nucleotide made of
3 phosphate + adenine + ribose sugar
How does ATP releases energy?
- ATP releases energy by losing phosphate via hydrolysis (30.5 kJ mol-1)
- ATP -> ADP + Pi
ATP synthesis (ADP + Pi -> ATP)
- ATP synthesis during respiration & photosynthesis
- 3 main ways of ATP synthesis
a. Substrate-linked phosphorylation
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmotic Theory
c. Photophosphorylation
Why ATP is suitable as universal energy currency
- ATP is small packets of energy
- ATP is small & water soluble, so ATP can move around cell
- ATP can be used by cell as immediate energy donor
- Link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions
- High turnover (Means it has constant production and destruction)
