NUR 100 Nursing Fundamentals | 2025 |
Complete Study Guide with Key Concepts,
Skills, and Practice Questions Graded A+ |
Chamberlain College | Updated & Verified
What percentage of our body weight is body water? - Answer `60%
What are the functions of body fluid in the body? - Answer `lubricant
metabolism
transport
regulates body temperature
What are electrolytes and What does concentration depend on? - Answer `-Na+, Cl-,
Mg+, Ca+, K+
-electrically charged when in solution
-influenced by fluid intake and output, acid base balance, hormones, cell functions
-concentration depends on intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion
how is water distributed throughout the body? - Answer `1) Intracellular:
Two-thirds of water in body
2) Extracellular:
Remaining third is divided into 2 compartments:
-Interstitial fluid (in between cells and organs)
-Plasma
What electrolytes are highest in the intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid? - Answer `ICF:
high K+, Mg+, phosphate
ECF: high Na+, Cl-, bicarbonate ions
What is hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? when
does hydrostatic pressure increase? - Answer `-water pushing pressure
-higher at arteriole end (pushing oxygen and nutrients out of capillary to go to cells)
-increases due to venous obstruction or salt/water retention (due to CHF/kidney failure),
edema occurs
What is osmotic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? - Answer
`-water pulling pressure
-high at venous end (want to pull fluid back into capillary from cells to bring back to
heart, and get rid of waste products)
1
,What is osmolality? What is the electrolyte involved? - Answer `solute concentration in
blood, how much stuff is in fluid
-sodium is main thing influencing osmolarity in blood, highest concentration
-water follows sodium
What is osmosis? - Answer `water moving across a semi permeability membrane
moves from low to high concentration
What is colloidal osmotic pressure? What is main thing that influences? - Answer
`'oncotic pressure"
-pressure from stuff in blood
-increased pressure when increase particles (want to pull fluid in
-albumin is main influence
-increase albumin, increase COP, water follows protein
What is diffusion? - Answer `movement of particles down a concentration gradient, high
to low
What is active transport? - Answer `movement of particles against concentration
gradient, requires energy
What is third spacing? how can it happen? What can it cause? - Answer `-fluid moves
where it is not supposed to be
-cannot be used for anything
-occurs in abdomen (ascites), liver disease, pancreatitis
-area rich in proteins (keeps pulling fluid in)
-have to drain
causes: slow diffusion, compression of blood vessels, slow healing, increased risk of
infection, pressure ulcers
What is thirst triggered by? - Answer `-triggered by osmolality of ECF
high osmolality: concentrated
low osmolality: diluted
-decreased circulating blood volume (low BP)
-dry mucous membranes
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? is it increased at the venous or arteriole end? -
Answer `outward force, pushes fluid out of capillary
increased at arteriole end
What is colloid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - Answer
`draws fluid back into capillaries
increased at venous end
What is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end?
- Answer `draws fluid out of interstitial back into capillaries
2
, increased at venous end
What is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? -
Answer `draws fluid into interstitial out of capillaries
increased at arteriole
What is edema? What are causes of edema? - Answer `-excessive fluid in interstitial
fluid
-increased arteriole/venous pressure
-increased vascular volume
causes: increased CHP (increased flow in), increased IOP (pull fluid into tissues),
blockage of lymph drainage (can't pull up extra fluid), decreased COP (plasma proteins
decreased)
What does an antidiuretic hormone do? when is it released? - Answer `hold onto water,
decreased urine output
released: when stroke volume low, high osmolarity
What does aldosterone do? when is it released? - Answer `hold on to sodium, so hold
on to water
released: low blood pressure (low volume)
What do natriuretic peptides do? when are they released? - Answer `atrial (ANP) and
brain (BNP): increase urine output, promote fluid excretion of Na+ and water
released: heart is stretched (too much volume)
What do diuretics do? What are the four kinds and What do each of them do? - Answer
`-increase production of urine by kidneys
loop: main diuretic, prevents reabsorption of sodium in loop of Henle (furosemide)
thiazide: prevents reabsorption of sodium
potassium sparring: keeps K+ in blood (spirolactone)
osmotic: used in emergency situations, increase osmotic pressure, pulls fluid into blood
vessels, use if have edema (mannitol)
What does it mean if a solution is isotonic? - Answer `solution with same salut
concentration as body, doesn't influence movement of water
What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic? - Answer `solution with higher salt
concentration that body, pulls water into blood vessels, cells shrink
What does it mean if a solution is hypotonic? - Answer `solution with lower salt
concentration than body, water moves out of blood vessels into cell, cell swells
3
Complete Study Guide with Key Concepts,
Skills, and Practice Questions Graded A+ |
Chamberlain College | Updated & Verified
What percentage of our body weight is body water? - Answer `60%
What are the functions of body fluid in the body? - Answer `lubricant
metabolism
transport
regulates body temperature
What are electrolytes and What does concentration depend on? - Answer `-Na+, Cl-,
Mg+, Ca+, K+
-electrically charged when in solution
-influenced by fluid intake and output, acid base balance, hormones, cell functions
-concentration depends on intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion
how is water distributed throughout the body? - Answer `1) Intracellular:
Two-thirds of water in body
2) Extracellular:
Remaining third is divided into 2 compartments:
-Interstitial fluid (in between cells and organs)
-Plasma
What electrolytes are highest in the intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid? - Answer `ICF:
high K+, Mg+, phosphate
ECF: high Na+, Cl-, bicarbonate ions
What is hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? when
does hydrostatic pressure increase? - Answer `-water pushing pressure
-higher at arteriole end (pushing oxygen and nutrients out of capillary to go to cells)
-increases due to venous obstruction or salt/water retention (due to CHF/kidney failure),
edema occurs
What is osmotic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? - Answer
`-water pulling pressure
-high at venous end (want to pull fluid back into capillary from cells to bring back to
heart, and get rid of waste products)
1
,What is osmolality? What is the electrolyte involved? - Answer `solute concentration in
blood, how much stuff is in fluid
-sodium is main thing influencing osmolarity in blood, highest concentration
-water follows sodium
What is osmosis? - Answer `water moving across a semi permeability membrane
moves from low to high concentration
What is colloidal osmotic pressure? What is main thing that influences? - Answer
`'oncotic pressure"
-pressure from stuff in blood
-increased pressure when increase particles (want to pull fluid in
-albumin is main influence
-increase albumin, increase COP, water follows protein
What is diffusion? - Answer `movement of particles down a concentration gradient, high
to low
What is active transport? - Answer `movement of particles against concentration
gradient, requires energy
What is third spacing? how can it happen? What can it cause? - Answer `-fluid moves
where it is not supposed to be
-cannot be used for anything
-occurs in abdomen (ascites), liver disease, pancreatitis
-area rich in proteins (keeps pulling fluid in)
-have to drain
causes: slow diffusion, compression of blood vessels, slow healing, increased risk of
infection, pressure ulcers
What is thirst triggered by? - Answer `-triggered by osmolality of ECF
high osmolality: concentrated
low osmolality: diluted
-decreased circulating blood volume (low BP)
-dry mucous membranes
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure? is it increased at the venous or arteriole end? -
Answer `outward force, pushes fluid out of capillary
increased at arteriole end
What is colloid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - Answer
`draws fluid back into capillaries
increased at venous end
What is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end?
- Answer `draws fluid out of interstitial back into capillaries
2
, increased at venous end
What is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? -
Answer `draws fluid into interstitial out of capillaries
increased at arteriole
What is edema? What are causes of edema? - Answer `-excessive fluid in interstitial
fluid
-increased arteriole/venous pressure
-increased vascular volume
causes: increased CHP (increased flow in), increased IOP (pull fluid into tissues),
blockage of lymph drainage (can't pull up extra fluid), decreased COP (plasma proteins
decreased)
What does an antidiuretic hormone do? when is it released? - Answer `hold onto water,
decreased urine output
released: when stroke volume low, high osmolarity
What does aldosterone do? when is it released? - Answer `hold on to sodium, so hold
on to water
released: low blood pressure (low volume)
What do natriuretic peptides do? when are they released? - Answer `atrial (ANP) and
brain (BNP): increase urine output, promote fluid excretion of Na+ and water
released: heart is stretched (too much volume)
What do diuretics do? What are the four kinds and What do each of them do? - Answer
`-increase production of urine by kidneys
loop: main diuretic, prevents reabsorption of sodium in loop of Henle (furosemide)
thiazide: prevents reabsorption of sodium
potassium sparring: keeps K+ in blood (spirolactone)
osmotic: used in emergency situations, increase osmotic pressure, pulls fluid into blood
vessels, use if have edema (mannitol)
What does it mean if a solution is isotonic? - Answer `solution with same salut
concentration as body, doesn't influence movement of water
What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic? - Answer `solution with higher salt
concentration that body, pulls water into blood vessels, cells shrink
What does it mean if a solution is hypotonic? - Answer `solution with lower salt
concentration than body, water moves out of blood vessels into cell, cell swells
3
