CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS ADVANCED EXAM (2025) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – 100% CORRECT.

CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS ADVANCED EXAM (2025)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – 100% CORRECT.
What is the pacemaker of the heart normally? -CORRECT-->>SA Node.


Where does the SA node originate? -CORRECT-->>Upper right atrium.


What is the pathway of conduction in the heart? -CORRECT-->>SA node
-> atria -> AV node -> bundle of his -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricles.


What does stimulation of the vagus nerve cause? -CORRECT-->>Decreased firing of the SA node and
slowed impulse conduction of the AV node.


What does stimulation of the sympathetic nerves cause? -CORRECT-->>Increased firing of the SA node
and increased impulse through the AV node, and cardiac contractility.


What does the P wave represent? -CORRECT-->>Time for the passage of the electrical impulse through
the atrium causing atrial depolarization (contraction).


What is the normal P wave duration? -CORRECT-->>0.06 - 0.12.


What is a possible variation cause of a P wave? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance in conduction within the
atria.


What does the PR interval represent? -CORRECT-->>The measure from the beginning of the P wave to
the beginning of the QRS complex, represents time taken for impulse to spread through the atria, AV
node, and bundle of his, the bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, to a point of immediately preceding
ventricular contraction.


What is the normal PR interval? -CORRECT-->>0.12 - 0.20.


What is a possible variation cause with PR interval? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance in conduction usually in
the AV node, bundle of his, or bundle branches but can be atria as well.


What does the QRS interval represent? -CORRECT-->>Measure from beginning to end of QRS complex,
represent time taken for depolarization (contraction) of both ventricles (systole).


What is the normal QRS interval? -CORRECT-->><0.12.

, What is a possible variation cause with the QRS interval? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance in conduction in
the bundle branches or in the ventricles.


What does the ST Segment represent? -CORRECT-->>Measure from the S wave of the QRS complex to
the beginning of the T wave; represents time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
(Diastole); should be isoelectric (flat).


What is the normal ST segment? -CORRECT-->>0.12.


What is a possible variation cause with the ST segment? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance usually caused by
ischemia, injury or infarction.


What does the T wave represent? -CORRECT-->>Represents time for ventricular repolarization, should
be upright.


What is the normal T wave? -CORRECT-->>0.16.


What is a possible variation cause for a T wave? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance usually caused by
electrolyte disturbances; ischemia or infarction.


What does the QT interval represent? -CORRECT-->>Measured from beginning of the QRS to end of the
T wave, represents time taken for entire electrical depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles.


What is the normal QT interval? -CORRECT-->>0.34 - 0.43.


What is the possible variation cause for a QT interval? -CORRECT-->>Disturbance usually affected
repolarization more than depolarization and cause by drugs, electrolyte imbalances, and change in hr.


What is the normal firing of the SA Node? -CORRECT-->>60 - 100 times/min.


What is the normal firing of the AV Node? -CORRECT-->>40 - 60 times/min.


What is the normal firing of the Bundle of HIS/Purkinje Fibers? -CORRECT-->>20 - 40 times/min.


What are the characteristics of Normal Sinus Rhythm? -CORRECT-->>60 - 100 bpm, regular, normal P
wave/PR and QRS.