Advanced Pathophysiology 6501 Walden University Midterm Exam 2025

A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? - -Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? - -Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? - -Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? - -Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? - -Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene - -Answer: Autosomal recessive How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? - -Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: - Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: - -Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? - -Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. - -Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? - -Answer: Nucleolus The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? - -Answer: Maternal nondisjunction A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: - -Answer: Delayed age of onset A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? - -Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35 What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? - -Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis? - -Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: - -Answer: Decreased ATP production A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: - -Answer: Plasma proteins The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? - -Answer: Symport A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? - -Answer: Tetraploidy Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? - -Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium Hypothyroidism - -A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4 T3, T4, TSH - -Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary. T3/T4 abnormality = problem with THYROID. T3/T4 normal + TSH abnormal = Secondary thyroid problem PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY If too much T3/T4, then TSH will be down. Vice Versa. calcium - -parathyroid glands responsible for regulating ___ levels. metabolism, temperature - -Thyroid produces hormones T3, T4, and plays big role in __, ___ regulation and growth and development iodine - -Brain cannot make T3 and T4 without ___ slows - -hypothyroidism everything ___. stimulates sympathetic nervous system, drowsy, lethargic constipated, food move slows, weight gain body temp decreases Hyperthyroidism - -excessive activity of the thyroid gland: increased levels of T3, T4 and TSH loss - -Hyperthyroidism: burning calories at an excessive rate weight ___ stimulates sympathetic nervous system: alert, quick reflexes, increased HR & BP (fight or flight response_ Heat intolerance: increased body temp Active GI: diarrhea anterior pituitary gland - -the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's disease - -(Remember: *UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP*) HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia adrenal cortex - -outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone - -Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP via angiotensin-aldosterone system, retention of sodium and secretes potassium PATHOPHYSIOLOGY cortisol - -stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex helps the body deal with stress such as illness or injury increases blood glucose breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulations Negative feedback - -Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone -- pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone -- adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased - -Cushings disease has ___ secretion of cortisol decreased - -Addison's disease has __ secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroids syndrome - -Cushing ___ is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease - -Cushings ___ is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune - -Addison's disease is typically an ____ disorder where the b