NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025

Diabetes insipidus (an inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water loss). Hyponatremia can result in what fatal action? - -Hyponatremia occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low. Sodium is an electrolyte, and it helps regulate the amount of water that's in and around your cells. In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water — cause the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this happens, your body's water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening. Bones are a reservoir for what electrolyte? - -Mainly Calcium but is found with magnesium and phosphorus. The normal lab value range for potassium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - -It is critical to the proper functioning of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells. Normally, your blood potassium level is 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A very low potassium level (less than 2.5 mmol/L ) can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical attention. The normal lab value range for sodium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - -SODIUM - Sodium is the most abundant cation (pronounced cat-ion) in the blood and its chief base. It functions in the body to maintain osmotic pressure, acid base balance and to transmit nerve impulses. Very Low value: seizure and neurologic symptoms. Sodium, serum: 135-145 mEq/L Sodium, urine: 135-145 mEq/L The normal lab value range for calcium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - -CALCIUM - involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transfer muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting and cardiac function. Regulated by parathyroid. Calcium, ionized: 4.4 - 5.1 mg/dL Calcium, serum: 8.4 - 10.2 mEq/dl Calcium, urine: 100 - 300 mg/24 h The normal lab value range for magnesium, what happens to the body when outside this range? - -MAGNESIUM- The normal range for blood magnesium level is 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL (0.85 to 1.10 mmol/L). Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results. The normal lab value range for phosphorus , what happens to the body when outside this range? - -PHOSPHORUS - Generally inverse with Calcium. Phosphorus, serum: 3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL NUR 2063 NUR 2063 What is ABGs (Arterial Blood Gas)? - -test measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood. It also measures your body's acid-base (pH) level, which is usually in balance when you're healthy. pH: 7.35-7.45, PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg (Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood), PaO2: 75-100 mm Hg (Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood) HCO3: 21-27 mEq/L (Bicarbonate), Oxygen saturation: 95%-98%, Base excess: -2mEq/L to 2mEq/L (.ie. from minus 2 to positive 2 mEq/L) cause of metabolic alkalosis - -excessive vomiting; Is a condition that occurs when your blood becomes overly alkaline. Too many alkali-producing bicarbonate ions. Define active transport - -Movement across cell membrane--from low to high concentration--requires energy. Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. - -Hypertonic- high amount of solute compared to another solution Hypotonic- low amount of solute as compared to another solution Isotonic- equal amounts of solute in both solutions An imbalance of this ion causes an imbalance in acid and bases? - -Acid-base Balance in Normal Health: An acid may be defined as a substance that produces H+ (protons) in solution, and a base is a particle that combines with hydrogen ions (H+). Chvostek's sign and cause? - -In the late 1800s, Dr. Chvostek noticed that mechanical stimulation of the facial nerve (as with the examiner's fingertip, for example) could lead to twitching of the ipsilateral facial muscles. The long-accepted explanation is that this resulted from hypocalcemia, and this relationship became known as the Chvostek sign. High fluid loss occurs via which body system? - -Via Urinary System Fluid can build up in your body when your kidneys are not working the way they should. Nephrotic syndrome. This is a kidney disorder that is usually caused by damage to small blood vessels in your kidneys. These blood vessels filter waste and extra water from your blood. When they are damaged, your body can't get rid of excess fluid. clinical manifestations of cellulitis - -Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissues. The affected areas become erythematous, edematous, tender, and warm to the touch. Often a fever accompanies the other symptoms. The first signs and symptoms generally are erythema, pain, and tenderness over an area of skin. These signs and symptoms are caused by the bacteria themselves and by the body's attempts to halt the infection. The infected skin may look slightly pitted, like an orange peel. Over time, the area of erythema spreads and small red spots may appear. Vesicles may form and burst, or large bullae may appear. As the infection spreads, nearby lymph nodes may become enlarger and tender (lymphadenitis). Erysipelas is one form of streptococcal cellulitis in which the skin is bright red and noticeably edematous, and the edges of the infected area are raised. Edema occurs because the infection occludes the lymphatic vessels in the skin. Most patients with cellulitis feel only mildly ill, but some have fever, chills, tachycardia, headache, hypotension and confusion NUR 2063 NUR 2063 passive immunity - -An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk or through vaccines. The effect of histamine on the body - -Histamine-Is released by white blood cells into the bloodstream when the immune system is defining against a potential allergen. What to macrophages do? - -opsonize antibody bound anitgens (enhancing phagocytic capability) and present antigens to T cells, activating the T cell. antigen presentation is the only way a T cell can be activated Basophils are in high concentration during an allergic reaction? - -These small particles are filled with enzymes, like histamine, that are released during allergic reactions. Basophils are the only white blood cells circulating around your body that contain histamine. During an allergic reaction, histamine is responsible for many of the typical symptoms of allergies, like a runny nose or sneezing. Importance of hand washing - -effective hand washing reduces the spread of pathogenic microbes, The #1, #2, and #3 way to prevent the spread of infections! •80% of common infections can be spread by hands. Increased capillary permeability is a clinical manifestation of a sprain? - -Capillary Permeability and Inflammatory Response. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection. The complex sequence of events that occurs when body tissues experience damage is known as the inflammatory response. Increased capillary permeability is one of the many processes that occurs during inflammation. What white blood cell creates antibodies - -B cells (B lymphocytes) are white blood cells that produce antibodies specific to the antigen that stimulated their production. What immunoglobulin is most abundant and responsible for eating bacteria? - -IgG- forms an important host defense against bacteria that are encapsulated. clinical manifestations of the inflammatory system? - -Rubor - Rubor or a redness of the injured or infected area is caused by increased blood flow. Calor - Calor or an increase in heat is also a product of the increased blood flow. Tumor - Tumor refers to a swelling of the area caused by a build-up of fluid. Dolor - Pain is a factor because of the chemicals released that stimulate the nerve endings. the function of interferons - -Body's response to viral infection 1.Their main function is to activate natural killer cells and macrophages, 2. They also have the ability to enhance host defence by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, 3. Sometimes due to NUR 2063 NUR 2063 the production of interferons and other cytokines, they cause symptoms like fever, muscle pain and many more, oxygen. What organ is the first barrier to microbes and pathogens? - -(Skin) the body's largest organ, is the first line of defense against bacteria and other pathogens. The skin acts as a barrier for the organs and systems of the body and protects them from the outside world. The skin's superficial outermost layers are acidic, and this prevents the development and growth of nonresident bacteria. What is rheumatoid arthritis? - -a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. In some people, the condition can damage a wide variety of body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. An autoimmune disorder, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body's tissues. The outcome of elevated eosinophils? - -can indicate cancer, fungal or parasitic infections, as well as other conditions. While mild, moderate, and severe eosinophil counts can be associated with cancer, higher levels of eosinophils around the primary tumor often predicts better outcomes in colorectal cancer. the outcome of elevated neutrophils? - -Neutrophilia happens when your body produces too many neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. They help you fight infection. If there are too many neutrophils in your bloodstream, you may develop leukocytosis, or a high total white blood cell count. You may have symptoms such as fevers or recurring infections. Role of mast cells - -Cells loaded with granules are located near blood cells in loose connective tissue. Release histamine and serotonin, which cause vasodilation and vessel leakiness as well as attracting neutrophils to the region. play a key role in the inflammatory process. When activated, a mast cell can either selectively release (piecemeal degranulation) or rapidly release (anaphylactic degranulation) "mediators", or compounds that induce inflammation, from storage granules into the local microenvironment. Define active immunity and be able to apply? - -(Active) Natural Immunization- An individual being exposed to an infectious organism as a part of daily life. Active Immunity - Develops from natural exposure to pathogens and an immune response. cell type associated with adaptive immunity? - -Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity- Refers to antigen specific immune response and more complex than innate immunity. -First antigen must be processed and recognized as foreign. -Then an adaptive immune system creates immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. - Is a series of events the body uses to fight a specific infection or sicknes