SPAA 344 Exam 1 with Detailed Answers 2025

What is AR? - -- restore a lost state/function due to hearing loss to achieve better communication and minimize the resulting difficulties Aural = related to ears Rehabilitation = process of restoring to former or "normal" function Goals of AR? - --NOT about "fixing" the hearing problem. -Identify how hearing difficulties affect the patient's life. -Alleviate the difficulties related to hearing loss *Enhance the activities and participation of the person *Implementing rehabilitation programs to address specific challenges -Minimize its consequences *Help the person accept residual problems associated with hearing loss *Improve quality of life WHO - -World Health Organization ICF - -International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health AR components & model - -AR components and model - Assessment (CORE) - Management (CARE) Typical components Diagnosis Provision of appropriate listening device Auditory training Speechreading hearing Counseling Hearing protection Tinnitus management Speech language therapy CORE & CARE - -CORE: Communication status→ Overall participation variables→Related personal factors→ Environmental factors Management (CARE) → Counseling & psychosocial → Ability & amplification →Remediate communication activities → Environmental/coordination /participation improvement who provides AR? - -- Audiologist - SLP SPAA344 SPAA344 - A teacher for children who are deaf and hard of hearing Who serves as major AR roles? - - - Educators - Psychologists - Social workers - Rehabilitation counselors - Others as needed Other team members: Adults: home, vocational, social/ advocational Child: home, educational, social/ extracurricular What is sound? - -Sound is a wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagates through a medium from one location to another Frequency - -Number of cycles (vibrations) per second Perceived as pitch Unit of measurement: Hertz (Hz) Human hearing range in frequency? 20-20,000 High frequency = short wavelength Low frequency = long wavelength Amplitude - -- Maximum displacement in the positive and negative direction - Perceived as loudness - Unit of measurement: decibels (dB) - higher= longer - lower= smaller/tighter compacted Human auditory system is splint into: - -Peripheral and central Peripheral - -Outer ( Auricle pinna & EAM) Middle (Tympanic membrane & ossicular chain & impedance matcher) Inner ear (Cochlea & Vestibule and semicircular canals- Origin of Corti) Two mechanisms of hearing: - -Air conduction Bone conduction What is air conduction? - -sound waves travel from the outer ear, middle ear, to the inner ear. What is bone conduction - -vibrations go through the skull, bypass the outer ear and middle ear, directly stimulate the inner ear Hearing loss descriptors: case study - -pre-lingual vs. post-lingual progressive vs. sudden SPAA344 SPAA344 fluctuating vs. stable congenital vs. acquired Hearing loss descriptors: Audiogram - -degree configuration type laterality symmetry Audiogram symbols - - O- Right ear air conduction X- Left ear air conduction -Right unmasked bone conduction -Left unmasked bone conduction [ - Right masked bone conduction ] -Left masked bone conduction Hearing sensitives on a graph - - - X-axis: frequency (Hz) - Y-axis: intensity level (dB HL) Zero dB HL - -- This does NOT mean there is no sound - This is the softest sound a young individual will be able to hear What frequencies do we usually test? - -250-8000 Degree of hearing loss - -• Normal ( 25 dB HL) - Note: 20 dB HL for children • Mild (26 - 40 dB HL) • Moderate (41 - 55 dB HL) • Moderately severe (56 - 70 dB HL) • Severe (71 - 90 dB HL) • Profound ( 90 dB HL) Conductive hearing loss: causes - -• Outer ear - Structural abnormalities • Microtia (undeveloped pinna) • Atresia (absent or closed ear canal) - Blocked ear canal • E.g., earwax, foreign bodies • Middle ear - Ear infection or otitis media with effusion • Fluids fill the middle ear cavity - Eardrum perforation - Ossicular chain disarticulation SPAA344 SPAA344 Conductive hearing loss: effects - -• Does not cause total loss of hearing • Can often be treated medically or surgically • Conductive hearing loss in young children can cause a delay in speech-language development Sensorineural hearing loss - -• Involves the sensory (cochlea) and/or neural (auditory nerve) system • Hearing loss is usually permanent & Cannot be medically or surgically cured Audiogram - -- Both AC and BC thresholds are affected to same degree Sensorineural hearing loss: causes - -congenital and acquired Congenital - -- Prenatal (e.g., infections passed from mother to baby in the womb) • E.g., Maternal Rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Perinatal: e.g., anoxia - Genetic syndromes • E.g., Usher syndrome (sensorineural hearing loss + dege