POB FINAL EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Microbiota - ANS typical complement of bacterial species found on the human body;
includes species found both internally and externally
Beneficial effects of microbes - ANS -Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
Chemical evolution - ANS 1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved from
inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of proteins, and
nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as DNA, RNA,
and proteins
Biological evolution - ANS 3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the
first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - ANS 1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, 4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
Significance of the miller Urey experiment - ANS proved that organic molecules can be made
from inorganic molecules
Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - ANS Protein first - some of
these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of the first
cells.
Major Characteristics of Archaea - ANS - prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
Major characteristics of Bacteria - ANS Unicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell wall of
peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - ANS -Have nucleus and organelles
-Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
ANSWERS
Microbiota - ANS typical complement of bacterial species found on the human body;
includes species found both internally and externally
Beneficial effects of microbes - ANS -Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
Chemical evolution - ANS 1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved from
inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of proteins, and
nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as DNA, RNA,
and proteins
Biological evolution - ANS 3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the
first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - ANS 1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, 4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
Significance of the miller Urey experiment - ANS proved that organic molecules can be made
from inorganic molecules
Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - ANS Protein first - some of
these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of the first
cells.
Major Characteristics of Archaea - ANS - prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
Major characteristics of Bacteria - ANS Unicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell wall of
peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - ANS -Have nucleus and organelles
-Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
