IMED1004 Study guide Questions and Answers
Now: Cardiovascular Disease.
Then: Influenza and Pneumonia. - ✔✔✔Leading cause of death now vs 1900:
By age:
- 0-44: Mental health conditions.
45-64+: Cardiovascular disease
By sex:
- Males: Cardiovascular disease
- Females: Mental health conditions.
Overall: CVD, MHC, back pain and arthritis. - ✔✔✔What are the most common chronic diseases?
1796- The creation of the first vaccination (Louis Pasteur)- smallpox vaccination.
1847- Ignaz Semmelweis advocates the importance of good hygiene in restricting the spread of
infectious diseases in medical practices.
1928- Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming- the world's first antibiotic played a huge role in
combatting previously fatal bacterial infections. - ✔✔✔3 Health and Medical Milestones
1. Coronary Heart Disease.
2. Lung Cancer.
3. Other Musculoskeletal.
4. Suicide.
5. Back Pain.
6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease.
,7. Stroke.
8. Diabetes.
9. Anxiety Disorders.
10. Dementia. - ✔✔✔Top 10 Leading Non-communicable diseases in Australia
Coronary Heart Disease:
Narrowing of the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart and leading to ischaemia of cardiac
muscle tissue. Most common symptom is angina. - ✔✔✔Talk about one in detail:
Behavioural: - Tobacco smoking.
- Physical inactivity.
- Risky alcohol consumption.
- Poor diet.
Biomedical: - Obesity.
- Hypertension.
- High blood fats. - ✔✔✔Behavioural and Biomedical Risk Factors:
- Biological: Birth weight, body weight, blood pressure & cholesterol etc.
- Sociocultural: Social determinants that influence other health determinants.
- Economic: The 20% of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014/15 were 1.6* more
likely as the highest 20% to have at least 2 chronic health conditions.
- Political: Legislature can influence living conditions.
- Behavioural: Smoking, alcohol consumption, etc.
- Environmental: High air pollution can cause lung cancer.
- Access to health care: Rural populations with decreased access to health care are less likely to make
the effort to seek primary care following unstable angina, etc.
- Quality of health care: Populations are less likely to seek healthcare if it is expensive or if the medical
professionals are arrogant/rude. - ✔✔✔Determinants of Health, disease, and injury- and how they
relate to and impact the health of individuals and populations.
, Provides a structure for reporting on the performance of the Australian health system at the national
level- covering health status, determinants of health and health system performance. - ✔✔✔What is the
National Health and Performance Framework?
- Primary Health Care: Local GPs that are able to refer patients to specialists.
- Secondary Care: Specialists that admit patients to hospitals and prescribe specific treatment.
- Hospitals- Public and Private, sometimes called 'tertiary care'. - ✔✔✔The main types of services in the
Australian healthcare system:
- Cardiovascular: mostly hospital admitted patient services.
- Oral health. - ✔✔✔2 examples of disease groups that attract the most spending.
- Best research evidence: Valid/clinically relevant research.
- Clinical Expertise: Ability to use clinical skills & past experience.
- Patient values: Unique preferences, concerns, & expectations. - ✔✔✔Elements of Evidence Based
Practice:
1. Ask the right question.
2. Search for the best current evidence.
3. Critically appraise evidence- validity, impact & applicability.
4. Apply evidence to patient care.
5. Audit/evaluate your performance with this patient. - ✔✔✔List the steps to using evidence based
practice.
- RMNCH- Reproductive, maternal, newborn & child health.
- HIV.
- Malaria.
- Tuberculosis.
- Neglected Tropical Diseases. - ✔✔✔What are the 5 main areas of intervention
Now: Cardiovascular Disease.
Then: Influenza and Pneumonia. - ✔✔✔Leading cause of death now vs 1900:
By age:
- 0-44: Mental health conditions.
45-64+: Cardiovascular disease
By sex:
- Males: Cardiovascular disease
- Females: Mental health conditions.
Overall: CVD, MHC, back pain and arthritis. - ✔✔✔What are the most common chronic diseases?
1796- The creation of the first vaccination (Louis Pasteur)- smallpox vaccination.
1847- Ignaz Semmelweis advocates the importance of good hygiene in restricting the spread of
infectious diseases in medical practices.
1928- Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming- the world's first antibiotic played a huge role in
combatting previously fatal bacterial infections. - ✔✔✔3 Health and Medical Milestones
1. Coronary Heart Disease.
2. Lung Cancer.
3. Other Musculoskeletal.
4. Suicide.
5. Back Pain.
6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease.
,7. Stroke.
8. Diabetes.
9. Anxiety Disorders.
10. Dementia. - ✔✔✔Top 10 Leading Non-communicable diseases in Australia
Coronary Heart Disease:
Narrowing of the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart and leading to ischaemia of cardiac
muscle tissue. Most common symptom is angina. - ✔✔✔Talk about one in detail:
Behavioural: - Tobacco smoking.
- Physical inactivity.
- Risky alcohol consumption.
- Poor diet.
Biomedical: - Obesity.
- Hypertension.
- High blood fats. - ✔✔✔Behavioural and Biomedical Risk Factors:
- Biological: Birth weight, body weight, blood pressure & cholesterol etc.
- Sociocultural: Social determinants that influence other health determinants.
- Economic: The 20% of Australians living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2014/15 were 1.6* more
likely as the highest 20% to have at least 2 chronic health conditions.
- Political: Legislature can influence living conditions.
- Behavioural: Smoking, alcohol consumption, etc.
- Environmental: High air pollution can cause lung cancer.
- Access to health care: Rural populations with decreased access to health care are less likely to make
the effort to seek primary care following unstable angina, etc.
- Quality of health care: Populations are less likely to seek healthcare if it is expensive or if the medical
professionals are arrogant/rude. - ✔✔✔Determinants of Health, disease, and injury- and how they
relate to and impact the health of individuals and populations.
, Provides a structure for reporting on the performance of the Australian health system at the national
level- covering health status, determinants of health and health system performance. - ✔✔✔What is the
National Health and Performance Framework?
- Primary Health Care: Local GPs that are able to refer patients to specialists.
- Secondary Care: Specialists that admit patients to hospitals and prescribe specific treatment.
- Hospitals- Public and Private, sometimes called 'tertiary care'. - ✔✔✔The main types of services in the
Australian healthcare system:
- Cardiovascular: mostly hospital admitted patient services.
- Oral health. - ✔✔✔2 examples of disease groups that attract the most spending.
- Best research evidence: Valid/clinically relevant research.
- Clinical Expertise: Ability to use clinical skills & past experience.
- Patient values: Unique preferences, concerns, & expectations. - ✔✔✔Elements of Evidence Based
Practice:
1. Ask the right question.
2. Search for the best current evidence.
3. Critically appraise evidence- validity, impact & applicability.
4. Apply evidence to patient care.
5. Audit/evaluate your performance with this patient. - ✔✔✔List the steps to using evidence based
practice.
- RMNCH- Reproductive, maternal, newborn & child health.
- HIV.
- Malaria.
- Tuberculosis.
- Neglected Tropical Diseases. - ✔✔✔What are the 5 main areas of intervention
