Bio 254 Exam Tested Questions with Accurate Answers (Latest Version) GET AN A.

Bio 254 Exam Tested Questions with Accurate Answers (Latest Version) GET AN A. What does the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon What secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine analyze hormones to travel all over body Exocrine Which hormones do the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) produce GH ACTH TSH FSH LH PRL What hormones do the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) produce? Oxytocin (OT) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) How are hormones released Hypothalamus and pituitary glands What is the length of the nervous and endocrine system The hypothalamus What does the antidiuretic hormone Target kidneys What does oxytocin Target Smooth muscle of the uterus, mammary glands and the breast milk production What does growth hormone Target Bones and tissues What is the releasing hormone that triggers the growth hormone from the hypothalamus GHRH What does the adrenalcorticotropic hormone Target Outside of adrenal cortex What is the releasing hormone for ACTH from the hypothalamus CRH What three other hormones does ACTH trigger? 1. Sugar - glucocorticoids ( middle) cortisol 2. Salt - mineralocorticoids (outer layer) aldosterone 3. Sex - gonadocorticoids (inner) androgens (estrogen and testosterone) What does the thyroid stimulating hormone trigger Thyroid glands Which releasing hormone from the hypothalamus releases thyroid stimulating hormone Trh What does TSH trigger and what do they do T3 and T4 Regulates metabolism What does the thyroid need to function Iodine What does calcitonin do? Lowers blood calcium levels What does parathyroid hormone do? increases blood calcium to maintain homeostasis What does prolactin do? Triggers memory gland milk supply Which releasing hormone releases from the hypothalamus for prolactin Prh What does LH and FSH) Target? Gonads What releasing hormone for LH and FSH GnRH What doe FSH Target? For the female ovaries and the egg Are the male testes and a sperm production What does the LH Target For females ovulation Or the male trigger production of testosterone What do the Pineal Glands do? Produces melatonin What is the circadian rhythm sleep/wake cycle What are the two types of hormones? steroid and non-steroid Steroid (fat hormones) Synthesized from cholesterol Lipid soluble non-steroid hormones Water soluble Synthesized from amino acids amines, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins Which hormone stimulates expression of a particular Gene Steroid hormones What do most steroid hormones come from Cholesterol Where do most non steroid hormones come from Proteins or a smaller component of a protein What are the mechanisms for non steroids First messenger (the ex-boyfriend) - knocks on house door The second messenger CAMP the cell What are prostaglandins? local hormones produced by most body tissues What is a lymphatic vessel Body way of getting extra fluid that veins could not get out from the vessel What make up lymphatic fluid Wbcs only Where are lymphatic vessels All over the body What are attached to lymph nodes Filters that catch waste and bacteria to keep out of bloodstream Afferent lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node efferent lymphatic vessels Vessels leaving the lymph node The process up liquids through afferent and efferent lymphatic vessel Liquid Afferent Wbc (phagocytosis) Clean fluid efferent Drain into subclavian vein of heart Hierarchy of lymphatic capillaries and vessels 1. Lymphatic capillaries (small) 2. Lymphatic vessels (vein) 3. More vessels and subclavian veins lymphatic duct systems 1. Right subclavian vein (collects fluid from upper right side of body 2. Thoracic duct collects fluid from the rest of the body Compare lymphatic vessel to vain Low pressure Thin wall Has valves What is programmed cell death? apoptosis Thiamine dimerization When not protected by the sun DNA code replicates bad code What are T suppressor cells? (Lymphocye) Find and destroy cells Found in lymph nodes What happens in the bone marrow? hematopoiesis types of lymphocytes T cells and B cells Where do T cells mature? thymus Where do b cells mature bone marrow Where are t cells made red bone marrow What is the largest lymphatic organ and what does it store Spleen Stores white blood cell and numerous red blood cells What are the three types of tonsils and where are they located 1. Pharngeal (back of throat also called adenoids) 2. Palatine (each side of the throat) 3. Lingual - back of the tongue As we age what happens to the thymus It dies and gets replaced with fatty tissue What are the three stages of defense for the immune system 1. Skin (mechanical and chemical barrier) 2. Inflammation and phagocytosis 3. Specific immune responses (natural killer cells that are adaptive immunity specific What happens during the inflammation and phagocytosis stage Macrophages and neutrophils come from the release of prostaglandins from the increase of blood flow to the site Rolling adhesion - white blood cells slow down and squeeze through cap endothelium What is diapedesis Action were white blood cell squeeze to fix an issue in the tissue What cells are in adaptive immunity B cells Two types of t cells What are b cells Antibody-mediated also comes from immunity What are the two types of t cells Cell mediated immunity TC (cytotoxic t-cells) killer t-cells Thank helper t cells What are three ways of foreign body can go through the cell 1. Free antigen - moves and fluid by itself 2. Infecting a cell 3. Captured inside a cell (neutrophil or macrophage) What happens when you activate a b cell It gets large And makes copy of RNA for cloning (14 days) What do killer t cells do Send viral proteins to the surface of the cell Find virus and binds to i Hill's wholesale has a virus can't replicate What do the helper t cells do Looking for helper cells Show that sell capture the virus How bad debate killer t-cells What are the actions of antibodies 1. Inactivates antigen 2. Binds antigen together 3. Facilitate phagocytosis 4. Activate complement to dissolve in blood Wild of the axial skeleton consists of Head spinal cord and ribs Appendicular skeleton Appendages and hip Baum Functions of bones Mineral storage, hematopoiesis, movement, protection, What do ligaments do Connect bone to bone Five types of Bones long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid What are long bones? bones that are longer than they are wide Most of the bone compact bones short bones Pebble like bones in wrist and foot Flat bones Sternum and skull bones Spongy bones irregular bones bones of the vertebrae and face Sesamoid bones Bones that are built into ligamentspatella Two types of Bones compact bone and (cancellous) spongy bone What are cancellous bones? Have open spaces with lattice of thin and soft tissue What is the structure of compact bone Made of osteons that live in small pockets called lacunae What do osteons need to survive Glucose and oxygen How do osteons get oxygen and glucose From the central canal Also from canaliculi What are lamellae? Layers of trap osteocytes between them What does spongy bone have inside of it Have a lantus inside of it and small branches called trabeculae inside the red bone marrow Why do we have spongy bone and compact bone in some places Cranial has spongy bones to lower the weight Compact bone is good at uni directional Force what not good at horizontal Force What is located at the end of long bones Spongy bone What is the diaphysis? shaft of a long bone What is the epiphysis End of a long bone What type of Bones good at multi-directional Force Spongy bone What is endochondral ossification? the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models Where is the primary ossification center diaphysis where osteoblasts are delivered What are osteoblast Immature bone cells What do osteoblasts do Secete calcium phosphate mineral bone matrix to make compact bone What do osteoblasts turn into once they are trapped in The matrix Osteocytes Secondary ossification center Occurs at epiphysis What allows our bones to grow The epiphyseal space What is the zone of proliferation Where cartilage does mitosis and helps bones grow i and lengthen Intramembranous ossification Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle Steps of fracture repair 1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling What are osteoclasts Responsible for bone remodeling Calcium homeostasis osteoblast Osteoblasts add to bone matrix to decrease calcium with calcitonin Calcium homeostasis osteoclast Take from bone matrix to increase calcium due to the parathyroid hormone What helps to increase calcium absorption Exercise Classification of joints structural and functional Structural joints fibrous - connective tissue protein fiber cartilaginous- vertebrae only cartledge pad between synovial - cartilage pads in fluid have Bursa sacs and freely movable Functional joints synarthroses- non movable amphiarthroses - slightly movable such as the bones in between the vertebrae diarthroses - freely movable What are three types of fibrous joints which are all non movable sutures syndesmotic - strengthened by each other and meadow long bone gomphoses - in gums Two types of cartilaginous joints synchondroses - non movable inner costal cartilages symphyses - slightly movable pubic symphysis and vertebral discs What are synovial joints freely movable joints Experience wear and tear Filled with lubricant fluid Made up of ligaments that hold bones together What secretes synovial fluid The synovial membrane which also has articular cartilage Which synovial joint has the largest range of motion and several Bursa sacs? Shoulder joint Why does the knee joint have medial and lateral meniscus To help Aiden shock-absorption and to help keep joints seated What is inside the cartilaginous joint of the vertebrae Nucleolus pulous when popped it puts pressure on spinal nerve AD You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review w