Bio 254 Exam Study Questions and Accurate Answers (Latest Update) GET AN A.

Bio 254 Exam Study Questions and Accurate Answers (Latest Update) GET AN A. IgG most common protects against viral and bacterial infection IgM first short term protection while your body makes other antibodies IgA most abundant tears saliva breast milk IgD B cell receptor IgE allergic reactions Antibodies Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body adaptive immunity the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them innate immunity defenses against any pathogen First line of defense skin cilia urine second line of defense inflammatory response third line of defense specific resistance t cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity B cells antibody-mediated immunity naturally acquired active immunity exposure to live pathogens, stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease artificially acquired active immunity vaccination naturally acquired passive immunity antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk artificially acquired passive immunity injection of antibodies Helper T cells T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells cytotoxic attack and kill virus-infected cells water soluble vitamins B and C (cannot be stored) lymph node cells lymphocytes Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K (can be stored) lymphatic fluid pathway capillaries vessels trunk collecting duct right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right upper part of the body thoracic duct receives lymph from the rest of the body phagocytosis Cell eating vitamin E antioxidant vitamin A vision vitamin D sunshine vitamin vitamin k blood clotting Vitamin B12 pernicious anemia vitamin c ascorbic acid mechanical barriers 1st line of defense, skin and mucous membranes pathogen A disease causing agent plasma cells Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies. antigen substance that triggers an immune response memory cells General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity. Increase in temperature slows down growth of microorganism CNS has no lymph node Mitochondria produce atp citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of glucose electron transport chain a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP Glycolysis A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP with out oxygen Carbohydrates Broken down to glucose to provide energy. lipid catabolism can produce ketones organic molecule A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems. inorganic molecule does not contain carbon and hydrogen Macronutrients carbohydrates, proteins, and fats nucleic acids Micronutrients vitamins and minerals Deamination the removal of an amino group from an amino acid large intestines water reabsorption cellular respiration Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen deglutition swallowing Lipids cholesterol triglycerides Minerals sodium calcium potassium Iodine deficiency results in goiter/thyroid problems HDL good cholesterol Bile A substance produced by the liver breaks up fat particles. (emulsification) stored in gallbladder Insulin lowers blood sugar alimentary canal mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal accessory organs salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas digestive tract (alimentary canal) mucosa submits muscularis serosa chief cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase pyloric sphincter Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine Amylase breaks down starch (carbs) Lipase breaks down lipids Protease breaks down proteins protein digestion produces nitrogen waste liver damage problems with lipid digestion spleen filters blood chemical digestion breaking down food with enzymes amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase Parastalsis Rhythmic contraction of the GI tract Segmentation separating bits Leptin full Ghrelin hungry small intestine majority absorption rugae gastric folds in the stomach Hydrochloride acid (HCl) Strong acid secreted by stomach, converts pepsinogen to pepsin Bile Substance produced by the liver; emulsifies fat cecum of large intestine first part of the large intestine large intestine cecum, colon, rectum small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum digestive organs mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine factors that encourage the circulation of lymphatic fluid deep breathing inspirations muscle contraction valves oxygen present citric acid cycle electron transport chain Glycolysis can occur with or without o2 cardia top of stomach corpus body saliva enzymes amylase and lipase mechanical digestion mastication (chewing) chemical digestion amylase maltese sucrase lactase Aerobic mitochondria Anaerobic without oxygen cytoplasm Secretin A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer. Gastrin stimulates release of HCl humoral immunity B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity cell-mediated immunity T cells lymphatic vessels similar to veins Glycogen Storage form of glucose (carbohydrates) Monosaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharide lactose, maltose, sucrose lacteals the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats. protein digestion begins in the stomach lipid digestion small intestine heartburn a painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus) pns stimulates digestive system cck produced by the small intestine when you eat and tells brain you're full, suppressing appetite Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets Vitamin A deficiency night blindness, dry skin immunoglobulins Secreted antibodies. Glycogenesis formation of glycogen from glucose lymphatic functions defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream