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samenvatting Kalium DeVlieger

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samenvatting van Morfologie, fysiologie en pathofysiologie (MFP) van nier en urinewegen (deel kalium)

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9. Fysiologie en pathofysiologie van kalium

Kaliumbalans
 K+ zit voornamelijk intracellulair (98%)
 Itt Na+ (voornamelijk extracellulair)
 50 mmol/kg lichaamsgewicht
 Rol van intracellulair kalium
- Celvolume
- Intracellulaire pH
- Enzymfunctie
- Celgroei/turnover
 Extracellulair (plasma) K+ (2%)
 Strikte regeling tussen 3,5-5,0 mmol/L
 Rol van transmembraan K+ ratio: onderhoud van membraanpotentiaal (exciteerbare cellen:
neuromusculair, cardiaal, vasculaire tonus)




Externe kaliumbalans
 Gastrointestinale intake (60 mmol/dag)– totale extracellulaire kalium : excretie essentieel voor
behoud van plasma K+
 90-95% wordt renaal geëxcreteerd - 5-10% wordt gastrointestinaal geëxcreteerd
 Vooral renale excretie is gereguleerd: gastrointestinaal afhankelijk van een aantal stimuli maar
veel minder stuurbaar

Interne kaliumbalans
 Distributie van kalium in het lichaam: 1% K+ van intra- naar extracellulair (50% verandering
plasma K+)
 Externe K+ balans is traag (uren)
 80% van K+ belasting gaat naar intracellulair om acute stijging
op te vangen
 K+ belasting
- Dieet
- Vrijzetting uit weefsel bij beschadiging: rhabdomyolyse,
hemolyse,..
 Shift K+ naar intracellulair door stimuleren Na-K pomp
 Insuline, β-adrenerge agonisten (adrenaline), aldosterone
 Mechanisme faalt bij
- Diabetes mellitus
- Β-blokkade
- RAAS blokkade

,  Zuur-base afwijkingen beïnvloeden interne K+ balans: K+ wisselt uit voor H+
 Acidose – hyperkaliëmie
 Alkalose – hypokaliëmie
 Extracellulaire hyperosmolariteit
 Shift van water van intra- naar extracellulair
 K+ wordt meegesleurd (van intra naar extra)
 Bv. stijging plasma K+ bij hypertoon mannitol of stijging plasma K+ bij hyperglycemie

Laag kalium dieet
 Proximale tubulus en lis van Henle: reabsorptie
 DCT, CNT, ICT, CCT: reabsorptie
 Medullaire CD: reabsorptie




Normaal of hoog K dieet
 Proximale tubulus en lis van Henle: reabsorptie
 DCT, CNT, ICT, CCT: secretie
 Medullaire CD: reabsorptie




 Medullaire kalium trapping
 Proces in de juxtaglomerulaire nefronen:
medullaire kalium recycling
 tDLH: passieve K+ secretie
 tALH rn TAL: K+ reabsorptie
- hoog interstitieel K+
- meer dan K+ secretie in tDLH
 MCD: K+ reabsorptie
- Ook bij hoog kalium dieet
- Draagt dus bij aan medullaire K+ concentratie

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