NR 402 Final - Dr. Cobb Exam Questions
and Answers 2025/2026 A+ Graded 100%
Verified.
Outbreak - ANS-Eruption or sudden increase that is outside the normal population levels or
ability of forest managers to control
Epidemiology - ANS-Study of disease dynamics within populations of hosts
Generalist - ANS-Disease causing organism that has a broad host range and can infect many
different species of trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.
Specialist - ANS-Organisms that infect only one or a few plants
Systemic Infection - ANS-The pathogen reproduces and spreads throughout (Ex. flu virus)
Localized Infection - ANS-Individual parts of the plant are infected (Ex. Mistletoe); Most tree
pathogens are localized
Necrotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that kills tissue then acquires resources from the dead
organic matter
Biotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that lives within and feeds off of the products of living tissues
Hemibiotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that lives within living tissue, but kills and feeds off of
adjacent dead tissue
Saprotroph - ANS-The ability to consume living plants and dead organic matter, which is helpful
for surviving long periods in the environment
Mutualist - ANS-Relationship between two organisms can be positive in both directions, or if
one dies so does the other
Obligate - ANS-Organism cannot survive outside of a living host, which makes it easily go
locally extinct
, Pathogen - ANS-All disease causing organisms that rapidly spread within a population of
susceptible trees that results in extensive tree growth, weakening of tree defences to other
threats, or kills a large number of trees
Disease - ANS-'Abnormal' conditions that impede growth, normal function such as defensive
capacity to the multitude of pathogens and insects that interact with trees during their lifetime
Virulence - ANS-Capacity of a microbe (or pathogenic plant) to infect an individual
Host Competency - ANS-plants that support a high amount of spread, and are important
sources of spread or facilitate disease emergence
Host Range - ANS-Number of suitable plants a microbe can infect
Vectored - ANS-Carried from one individual to another by an independent agent, often an
insect
Dead End Host - ANS-Plant that carries a disease causing organism which cannot spread from
the infected host
Hyphae - ANS-filamentous structures that form on fungi
Chitin - ANS-Rigid, moldable compound found in cell walls and other parts of the plant (needs
enzymes to break it down)
Lignin - ANS-Cross-linked phenolic compounds that create complex random array of
component molecules; rigid strong molecules in trees
Hemi-Cellulose - ANS-Cross-linked structures that bind together portions of cell walls and other
plant components (smallest component in trees)
Cellulose - ANS-provides compression, strength, elastic strength, and flexibility in trees
(Simplest component in trees)
Poikilothermic - ANS-Body temperature determined by surrounding environment
Torpor - ANS-Low energy resting state in insects; low temperature adaptation
Protostome - ANS-Mouth is the first to form
Complete Metamorphosis - ANS-when the larval stage has a very different appearance than
the adult
Necrosis - ANS-Dead leaf tissue
and Answers 2025/2026 A+ Graded 100%
Verified.
Outbreak - ANS-Eruption or sudden increase that is outside the normal population levels or
ability of forest managers to control
Epidemiology - ANS-Study of disease dynamics within populations of hosts
Generalist - ANS-Disease causing organism that has a broad host range and can infect many
different species of trees, shrubs, grasses, etc.
Specialist - ANS-Organisms that infect only one or a few plants
Systemic Infection - ANS-The pathogen reproduces and spreads throughout (Ex. flu virus)
Localized Infection - ANS-Individual parts of the plant are infected (Ex. Mistletoe); Most tree
pathogens are localized
Necrotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that kills tissue then acquires resources from the dead
organic matter
Biotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that lives within and feeds off of the products of living tissues
Hemibiotrophic - ANS-Plant pathogen that lives within living tissue, but kills and feeds off of
adjacent dead tissue
Saprotroph - ANS-The ability to consume living plants and dead organic matter, which is helpful
for surviving long periods in the environment
Mutualist - ANS-Relationship between two organisms can be positive in both directions, or if
one dies so does the other
Obligate - ANS-Organism cannot survive outside of a living host, which makes it easily go
locally extinct
, Pathogen - ANS-All disease causing organisms that rapidly spread within a population of
susceptible trees that results in extensive tree growth, weakening of tree defences to other
threats, or kills a large number of trees
Disease - ANS-'Abnormal' conditions that impede growth, normal function such as defensive
capacity to the multitude of pathogens and insects that interact with trees during their lifetime
Virulence - ANS-Capacity of a microbe (or pathogenic plant) to infect an individual
Host Competency - ANS-plants that support a high amount of spread, and are important
sources of spread or facilitate disease emergence
Host Range - ANS-Number of suitable plants a microbe can infect
Vectored - ANS-Carried from one individual to another by an independent agent, often an
insect
Dead End Host - ANS-Plant that carries a disease causing organism which cannot spread from
the infected host
Hyphae - ANS-filamentous structures that form on fungi
Chitin - ANS-Rigid, moldable compound found in cell walls and other parts of the plant (needs
enzymes to break it down)
Lignin - ANS-Cross-linked phenolic compounds that create complex random array of
component molecules; rigid strong molecules in trees
Hemi-Cellulose - ANS-Cross-linked structures that bind together portions of cell walls and other
plant components (smallest component in trees)
Cellulose - ANS-provides compression, strength, elastic strength, and flexibility in trees
(Simplest component in trees)
Poikilothermic - ANS-Body temperature determined by surrounding environment
Torpor - ANS-Low energy resting state in insects; low temperature adaptation
Protostome - ANS-Mouth is the first to form
Complete Metamorphosis - ANS-when the larval stage has a very different appearance than
the adult
Necrosis - ANS-Dead leaf tissue
