GNRS 515 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA replication - CORRECT ANSWER untwisted and zipped by hydrogen bonds
being broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER pairs new bases, aka complementary base
pairing (ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - CORRECT ANSWER occurs among number
or structure
Explain base pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWER mutation where ATCG base
pairing is mixed
Missense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER A base-pair substitution that results in a
codon that codes for a different amino acid. The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER substitutions into a stop codon, but it is in
the wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - CORRECT ANSWER nucleotide change does not affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWER insertion or deletion of one or more base
pairs. Changes the entire reading frame of DNA sequence (also dangerous)
Codons - CORRECT ANSWER consist of a group of three amino acids that start or
stop DNA processing
, Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER DNA to RNA (uracil replaces thymine)
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER RNA to protein (uracil replaces thymine)
mRNA - CORRECT ANSWER synthesized from DNA by RNA polymerase. Uses
tRNA (by binding to ribosome) to sequence amino acids
Transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWER also binds to DNA & regulates the
transcription timing. Can turn on/off gene expression
Epigenetics - CORRECT ANSWER is the study of heritable changes in gene
expression (phenotype) caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA (nucleotide)
sequences; e.g. when a somatic cell divides (mitotic inheritance), when gametes are produced
(germline inheritance), or both
epigenetic modification - CORRECT ANSWER Epigenetic modifications can cause
individuals with the same DNA sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease
profiles
functional mRNA - CORRECT ANSWER carries genetic information from DNA to
Ribosome present in cytosol, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis
Introns (removed); exons - CORRECT ANSWER which are the removed and
remaining sequences after remaining DNA sequences are spliced
exome - CORRECT ANSWER remaining exon sequence
RNA splicing - CORRECT ANSWER taking mRNA rough draft and making it into an
mRNA final sequence
tRNA - CORRECT ANSWER directs protein synthesis with mRNA and has a site for
attachment of an AA (anticodon)
Exam ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
DNA replication - CORRECT ANSWER untwisted and zipped by hydrogen bonds
being broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER pairs new bases, aka complementary base
pairing (ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - CORRECT ANSWER occurs among number
or structure
Explain base pair substitution - CORRECT ANSWER mutation where ATCG base
pairing is mixed
Missense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER A base-pair substitution that results in a
codon that codes for a different amino acid. The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - CORRECT ANSWER substitutions into a stop codon, but it is in
the wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - CORRECT ANSWER nucleotide change does not affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - CORRECT ANSWER insertion or deletion of one or more base
pairs. Changes the entire reading frame of DNA sequence (also dangerous)
Codons - CORRECT ANSWER consist of a group of three amino acids that start or
stop DNA processing
, Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER DNA to RNA (uracil replaces thymine)
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER RNA to protein (uracil replaces thymine)
mRNA - CORRECT ANSWER synthesized from DNA by RNA polymerase. Uses
tRNA (by binding to ribosome) to sequence amino acids
Transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWER also binds to DNA & regulates the
transcription timing. Can turn on/off gene expression
Epigenetics - CORRECT ANSWER is the study of heritable changes in gene
expression (phenotype) caused by mechanisms other than changes in DNA (nucleotide)
sequences; e.g. when a somatic cell divides (mitotic inheritance), when gametes are produced
(germline inheritance), or both
epigenetic modification - CORRECT ANSWER Epigenetic modifications can cause
individuals with the same DNA sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease
profiles
functional mRNA - CORRECT ANSWER carries genetic information from DNA to
Ribosome present in cytosol, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis
Introns (removed); exons - CORRECT ANSWER which are the removed and
remaining sequences after remaining DNA sequences are spliced
exome - CORRECT ANSWER remaining exon sequence
RNA splicing - CORRECT ANSWER taking mRNA rough draft and making it into an
mRNA final sequence
tRNA - CORRECT ANSWER directs protein synthesis with mRNA and has a site for
attachment of an AA (anticodon)
