BIO 669 NEURO I || WITH ERROR-FREE ANSWERS.
3 components of a neuron correct answers cell body/soma, dendrites, axons
Densely packed cell bodies in the CNS are ______________. correct answers nuclei
Densely packed cell bodies in the PNS are _____________. correct answers ganglia
_______________ are the receiving part of the neuron. They receive incoming signals and send
signals to the neuron ____ ________. They eventually converge into the ___________
____________. correct answers Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock
_____________ are able to be affected by external stimuli. correct answers Dendrites
_________- take the signal to the end of the cell and carry impulses AWAY from the cell body
toward another neuron or effector. correct answers axons
The ____________ ___________ is a cone-shape where the axon leaves the cell body. The axon
hillock determines whether there is enough ____________ ______________ _______________
to develop and sustain an AP to send down the axon hillock. correct answers axon hillock,
excitatory graded potentials
As dendrites bring signals into the ___________ ____ _______ some may be _____________-
more likely to generate signal or ____________-prevent signal from being developed. correct
answers neuron cell body, excitatory, inhibitory
The initial segment of the axon is the area of the axon having the _________ threshold for
stimulation, so the AP ________ at this point. correct answers lowest, begin
,During the __________ state, an imbalance of ions is created and maintained by ion pumps and
lack of permeability to ions. correct answers resting state
The concentration of ions are given in ___. The separation or _______________ of ions and
charges creates an ____________ _____________. Little to no difference in charges between
inside and outside __________________. correct answers mOsm,mM
polarization
electrical potential
depolarization
The __________ __________ refers to the inside of the cell, a -70mV -the charge associated
with the inside of the cell means that the inside aka the ____________ is more __________ than
the extracellular environment. correct answers membrane potential, cytoplasm, more negative
The inside of the cell is __________ charged and the outside of the cell is _____________
charged. The different in charges is found at the ______________ not the cell as a whole. What
ions cause this difference? correct answers negatively, positively
membrane, K & Na but mostly Na
Which way would K & Na move if left to diffusion and the membrane were permeable? correct
answers High to low if left solely to diffusion.
IF there is 150 mM Na and 5mM K outside the cell and 15 mM Na and 150 mM K inside, why
would they not diffuse equally fast across the membrane? correct answers There are two forces
acting on the ions. Iff both Na & K were fully permeable, there would be a lot more Na move in
than K move out bc the 2nd thing to help drive these ions is the cell charges. Since the inside of
the cell is negative, it lends an additional force to move the Na in and retain K.
The _____________ ______________ is used to describe the forces affecting ion movement if
allowed to become permeable to a membrane. ___________ gradients move from high to low
concentration, thus becoming more ___________ aka a _________ energy state. correct answers
electrochemical gradient, Chemical, random, lower energy state
, ___________ gradients where opposite charges attract, similar charges repel which can set up a
force to move charged particles. ____________ are charges separated by a membrane and are
measured in _______ correct answers Electrical gradients-where opposite charges attract,
potentials
volts, mV
_________ __________ __________ is the result of retained proteins within the cell and ions
mostly Na & K, creating ____________- gradients resulting in a relatively ________ charge
within the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. correct answers Resting membrane potential
electrochemical
negative
Na is _________ charged and attracted to a ______ environment inside the cell. It also has a high
____________ gradient helping to pull Na _____ as well. Both forces help to favor movement of
Na _______ the cell. correct answers Na is postitively charged, negative
concentration, in, into
How to tell whether the K will leave the cell or stay? Look at the _______________- gradient. In
this case, K is more likely to ______. It will continue to leave until the cell's inside is _________
enough to pull back as many K ions in as are leaving, that will be K ____________ potential.
correct answers electrochemical gradient, leave, negative, equilibrium
_____________ ____________ a way to describe the voltage conditions necessary to
counterbalance the chemical gradient forces of a given _____________ ______ so that
equilibrium is established. The movement in=movement out for only that ______. I.E. What will
it take voltage wise or __________ __________ to balance out the __________ __________ for
that ion? correct answers Equilibrium potential
single ion
ion
membrane potential, chemical diffusion
3 components of a neuron correct answers cell body/soma, dendrites, axons
Densely packed cell bodies in the CNS are ______________. correct answers nuclei
Densely packed cell bodies in the PNS are _____________. correct answers ganglia
_______________ are the receiving part of the neuron. They receive incoming signals and send
signals to the neuron ____ ________. They eventually converge into the ___________
____________. correct answers Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock
_____________ are able to be affected by external stimuli. correct answers Dendrites
_________- take the signal to the end of the cell and carry impulses AWAY from the cell body
toward another neuron or effector. correct answers axons
The ____________ ___________ is a cone-shape where the axon leaves the cell body. The axon
hillock determines whether there is enough ____________ ______________ _______________
to develop and sustain an AP to send down the axon hillock. correct answers axon hillock,
excitatory graded potentials
As dendrites bring signals into the ___________ ____ _______ some may be _____________-
more likely to generate signal or ____________-prevent signal from being developed. correct
answers neuron cell body, excitatory, inhibitory
The initial segment of the axon is the area of the axon having the _________ threshold for
stimulation, so the AP ________ at this point. correct answers lowest, begin
,During the __________ state, an imbalance of ions is created and maintained by ion pumps and
lack of permeability to ions. correct answers resting state
The concentration of ions are given in ___. The separation or _______________ of ions and
charges creates an ____________ _____________. Little to no difference in charges between
inside and outside __________________. correct answers mOsm,mM
polarization
electrical potential
depolarization
The __________ __________ refers to the inside of the cell, a -70mV -the charge associated
with the inside of the cell means that the inside aka the ____________ is more __________ than
the extracellular environment. correct answers membrane potential, cytoplasm, more negative
The inside of the cell is __________ charged and the outside of the cell is _____________
charged. The different in charges is found at the ______________ not the cell as a whole. What
ions cause this difference? correct answers negatively, positively
membrane, K & Na but mostly Na
Which way would K & Na move if left to diffusion and the membrane were permeable? correct
answers High to low if left solely to diffusion.
IF there is 150 mM Na and 5mM K outside the cell and 15 mM Na and 150 mM K inside, why
would they not diffuse equally fast across the membrane? correct answers There are two forces
acting on the ions. Iff both Na & K were fully permeable, there would be a lot more Na move in
than K move out bc the 2nd thing to help drive these ions is the cell charges. Since the inside of
the cell is negative, it lends an additional force to move the Na in and retain K.
The _____________ ______________ is used to describe the forces affecting ion movement if
allowed to become permeable to a membrane. ___________ gradients move from high to low
concentration, thus becoming more ___________ aka a _________ energy state. correct answers
electrochemical gradient, Chemical, random, lower energy state
, ___________ gradients where opposite charges attract, similar charges repel which can set up a
force to move charged particles. ____________ are charges separated by a membrane and are
measured in _______ correct answers Electrical gradients-where opposite charges attract,
potentials
volts, mV
_________ __________ __________ is the result of retained proteins within the cell and ions
mostly Na & K, creating ____________- gradients resulting in a relatively ________ charge
within the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. correct answers Resting membrane potential
electrochemical
negative
Na is _________ charged and attracted to a ______ environment inside the cell. It also has a high
____________ gradient helping to pull Na _____ as well. Both forces help to favor movement of
Na _______ the cell. correct answers Na is postitively charged, negative
concentration, in, into
How to tell whether the K will leave the cell or stay? Look at the _______________- gradient. In
this case, K is more likely to ______. It will continue to leave until the cell's inside is _________
enough to pull back as many K ions in as are leaving, that will be K ____________ potential.
correct answers electrochemical gradient, leave, negative, equilibrium
_____________ ____________ a way to describe the voltage conditions necessary to
counterbalance the chemical gradient forces of a given _____________ ______ so that
equilibrium is established. The movement in=movement out for only that ______. I.E. What will
it take voltage wise or __________ __________ to balance out the __________ __________ for
that ion? correct answers Equilibrium potential
single ion
ion
membrane potential, chemical diffusion
