WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
certification latest questions and
answers With complete solution
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2025/2026
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - CORRECT ANSWER-Oncotic
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Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER-a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
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In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
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determinant of oncotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-albumin
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_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - CORRECT
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ANSWER-Albumin
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One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - CORRECT
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ANSWER-Possible answer: naive T cells
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Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
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patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
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Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
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Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
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Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
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Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
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Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
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Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
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Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that
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they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively
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weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
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Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When
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these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives
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clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
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Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as
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thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - CORRECT ANSWER-osmoreceptors
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Fluid deficit causes - CORRECT ANSWER--Excessive loss
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-Inadequate intake Il`
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-Or combination of both
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Fluid deficit risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER--Vomiting/diarrhea
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-Excessive sweating Il`
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-Insufficient water intake
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,Fluid deficit manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER--dry mucous membranes
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-decreased skin turgor Il` Il` Il`
-decreased urine output Il` Il` Il`
-low blood pressure Il` Il` Il`
-tachycardia Il`
-confusion
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ROME for ABGs - CORRECT ANSWER-Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
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If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
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causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
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Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH
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of _______ - CORRECT ANSWER-7.35-7.45
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A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood
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pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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Metabolic acidosis Il`
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Respiratory alkalosis Il`
Respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolic alkalosis
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The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
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indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
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To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
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systems: - CORRECT ANSWER-proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid- Il` Il`
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bicarbonate system
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-respirations; kidneys
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - CORRECT ANSWER-The equation Il`
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moves in both directions
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CABS Equation: Il` Il`
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and
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HCO3- ions - CORRECT ANSWER-toward the right
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CABS Equation: Il` Il`
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2
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and the CO2 is exhaled. - CORRECT ANSWER-toward the left
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CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-35-45
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HCO3 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-22-26
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Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
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His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
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, Il` Il`
bloodstream.
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His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
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bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
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His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
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His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
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for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
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His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream
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- CORRECT ANSWER-His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
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removing it from the bloodstream.
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His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
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bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
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His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
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There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - CORRECT
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ANSWERMetabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off
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CO2
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Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention
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Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
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Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
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What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Natriuretic peptides
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Natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWER-hormonal signals released by the brain and Il` Il` Il` Il`
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heart in response to excess fluid in the body
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Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume - CORRECT Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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ANSWER-increase; reduce
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A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
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overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
attempt to reduce the fluid overload? - CORRECT ANSWER-BNP - it's released when
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fluid volume excess is present
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Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER- Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Hemodialysis: Il`
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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-3x a week for hours in a clinic
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-acute kidney failure
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Peritoneal: Il` Il`
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then
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drained
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-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
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Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a _____, and puts blood back into body Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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through a _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-PIV; central line
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*NOTE* there are several questions about signs and symptoms of different electrolyte
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imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Sodium levels - CORRECT ANSWER-135-145
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Hyponatremia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Vomiting Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Excessive administration of dextrose and water IVs Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Burns, wound drainage
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Excessive water intake Il` Il` Il`
SIADH
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Hyponatremia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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headache, decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal
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cramping, neurologic changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
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Hypernatremia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-excess water loss, excess sodium Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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administration, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
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Hypernatremia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-thirst; elevated temperature; dry, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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swollen tongue; sticky mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
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Potassium levels - CORRECT ANSWER-3.5-5
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Potassium is essential for what? - CORRECT ANSWER-transmission and conduction of
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nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction
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(heart)
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Hypokalemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-B.A.D. L.O.A.D. Il` Il` Il` Il`
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B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism) Il`
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A-lkalosis
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D-iuretics
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L-axative abuse Il` Il`
O-ther causes: insulin overdose
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A-cute glucose load
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D-iarrhea
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Hypokalemia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-fatigue, anorexia, nausea, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
vomiting, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias, glucose, intolerance,
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decreased muscle strength, deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), decreased cardiac output
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Hyperkalemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-MACHINE Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Medications- ace inhibitors and NSAIDS Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Acidosis- metabolic and respiratory Il` Il` Il`
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Cellular destruction- burns, traumatic injury
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Hypoaldosteronism/hemolysis Il`
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Nephrons, renal failure Il`
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Excretion
certification latest questions and
answers With complete solution
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2025/2026
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - CORRECT ANSWER-Oncotic
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Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWER-a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
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In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
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determinant of oncotic pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-albumin
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_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume - CORRECT
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ANSWER-Albumin
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One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity - CORRECT
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ANSWER-Possible answer: naive T cells
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Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult
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patients more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
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Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
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Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
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Older adult patients have more memory cells to combat infection
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Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
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Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection
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Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
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Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that
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they have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune response is relatively
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weak compared to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
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Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When
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these patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives
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clonal selection fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
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Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _______, which regulates actions such as
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thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - CORRECT ANSWER-osmoreceptors
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Fluid deficit causes - CORRECT ANSWER--Excessive loss
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-Inadequate intake Il`
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-Or combination of both
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Fluid deficit risk factors - CORRECT ANSWER--Vomiting/diarrhea
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-Excessive sweating Il`
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-Insufficient water intake
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,Fluid deficit manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER--dry mucous membranes
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-decreased skin turgor Il` Il` Il`
-decreased urine output Il` Il` Il`
-low blood pressure Il` Il` Il`
-tachycardia Il`
-confusion
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ROME for ABGs - CORRECT ANSWER-Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
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If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are
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causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
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Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to maintain a blood pH
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of _______ - CORRECT ANSWER-7.35-7.45
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A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood
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pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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Metabolic acidosis Il`
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Respiratory alkalosis Il`
Respiratory acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Metabolic alkalosis
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The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This
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indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
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To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer
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systems: - CORRECT ANSWER-proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid- Il` Il`
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bicarbonate system
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is _____, second line of defense Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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is _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-respirations; kidneys
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - CORRECT ANSWER-The equation Il`
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moves in both directions
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CABS Equation: Il` Il`
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves ________, forming more H+ and
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HCO3- ions - CORRECT ANSWER-toward the right
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CABS Equation: Il` Il`
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves _____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2
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and the CO2 is exhaled. - CORRECT ANSWER-toward the left
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CO2 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-35-45
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HCO3 levels - CORRECT ANSWER-22-26
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Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
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His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
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, Il` Il`
bloodstream.
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His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
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bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
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His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
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His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier
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for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
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His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream
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- CORRECT ANSWER-His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
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removing it from the bloodstream.
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His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
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bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
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His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
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There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation - CORRECT
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ANSWERMetabolic acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off
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CO2
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Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention
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Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
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Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
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What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload? - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Natriuretic peptides
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Natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWER-hormonal signals released by the brain and Il` Il` Il` Il`
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heart in response to excess fluid in the body
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Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output and ____ fluid volume - CORRECT Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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ANSWER-increase; reduce
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A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
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overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
attempt to reduce the fluid overload? - CORRECT ANSWER-BNP - it's released when
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fluid volume excess is present
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Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER- Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Hemodialysis: Il`
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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-3x a week for hours in a clinic
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-acute kidney failure
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Peritoneal: Il` Il`
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then
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drained
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-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
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Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a _____, and puts blood back into body Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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through a _____ - CORRECT ANSWER-PIV; central line
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*NOTE* there are several questions about signs and symptoms of different electrolyte
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imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER-
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Sodium levels - CORRECT ANSWER-135-145
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Hyponatremia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Vomiting Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Diuretics Il`
Excessive administration of dextrose and water IVs Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Burns, wound drainage
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Excessive water intake Il` Il` Il`
SIADH
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Hyponatremia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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headache, decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal
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cramping, neurologic changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
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Hypernatremia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-excess water loss, excess sodium Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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administration, diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
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Hypernatremia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-thirst; elevated temperature; dry, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
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swollen tongue; sticky mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
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Potassium levels - CORRECT ANSWER-3.5-5
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Potassium is essential for what? - CORRECT ANSWER-transmission and conduction of
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nerve impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction
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(heart)
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Hypokalemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-B.A.D. L.O.A.D. Il` Il` Il` Il`
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B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism) Il`
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A-lkalosis
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D-iuretics
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L-axative abuse Il` Il`
O-ther causes: insulin overdose
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A-cute glucose load
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D-iarrhea
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Hypokalemia manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-fatigue, anorexia, nausea, Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
vomiting, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias, glucose, intolerance,
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decreased muscle strength, deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), decreased cardiac output
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Hyperkalemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-MACHINE Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Medications- ace inhibitors and NSAIDS Il` Il` Il` Il`
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Acidosis- metabolic and respiratory Il` Il` Il`
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Cellular destruction- burns, traumatic injury
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Hypoaldosteronism/hemolysis Il`
Intake- excessive Il`
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Nephrons, renal failure Il`
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Excretion
