NSPN 7150 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔how do oligosaccharides (carbohydrates) assist the baby? - ✔✔protecting the gut
from harmful organisms by promoting the growth of bifidus factors. Bifidus factors
promote colonization with lactobacillus bifidus (probiotics), increase the acidity in the
intestinal environment (prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC), and inhibit the growth of
pathogenic bacteria
✔✔how many protiens in human milk? - ✔✔over 400
✔✔2 main types of protiens? - ✔✔whey and casein
✔✔whey? - ✔✔Whey is a smooth protein that forms soft curds that are quickly digested,
giving a continuous supply of nutrients to the infant = loose runny stools
✔✔Casein? - ✔✔forms a tough and less digestible curd that requires a high expenditure
of energy for an incomplete digestive process. Enhances the absorption of iron!
✔✔lactoferrin? (whey protein) - ✔✔Lactoferrin is bacteriostatic by depriving pathogens
of iron, which prevents overgrowth of potentially harmful organisms.
✔✔lipids in milk? - ✔✔main source of energy for the babe, 50% of the infants caloric
needs. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are known to have protective
properties for human health.
*Fat is the most variable component of human milk*
✔✔Did u know? - ✔✔Closure of the "leaky" junctions between the cells results in
changing milk composition from colostrum to mature milk. These gaps between the cells
allow greater passage of many immunoglobulins and maternal proteins into colostrum
and early milk
✔✔Types of WBC's in human milk? - ✔✔phagocytes (90%) and lymphocytes (10%)
Phagocytes:
engulf and absorb pathogens
produce lactoferrin and lysozyme
arrive first at an inflamed site, such as when mastitis occurs
Lymphocytes:
involved in creating antibodies targeted against specific microbes
kill infected cells directly or by sending out chemical messages to mobilize other
defences
strengthen an infant's own immune response
, ✔✔how is the thymus gland affected by Breastfeeding? - ✔✔Breastfeeding can double
the size of the infant's thymus gland. The thymus gland provides an environment for T-
lymphocytes to fully mature
✔✔what are IgG'S - ✔✔Immunoglobulins (Igs) are antibodies that play a critical role in
mucosal immunity. Mostly IGA. Very high in colostrum.
✔✔What do payer's patches do? - ✔✔take up food, bacteria, virsues and make IGA
✔✔2 HORMONES IN HUMAN MILK? - ✔✔Leptin and adiponectin
✔✔Leptin - ✔✔Regulation of body fat
Regulation of food intake and body weight
Recognition of hunger and appetite
Metabolism of sugars and lipids
✔✔Adiponectin - ✔✔Metabolism of sugars and lipids
Mediation of insulin sensitization in peripheral tissues (lower levels of adiponectin are
associated with decreased insulin sensitivity or increased insulin resistance)
✔✔Microbiome - ✔✔the infant microbiota is believed to be important as it maintains
homeostasis with the host's immune system
✔✔2 hormones that play a role in milk production - ✔✔prolactin (ant pituitary) and
oxytocin (post pituitary)
✔✔prolactin - ✔✔Causes alveoli to produce milk! increases with sucking, increases with
sleep, may feel sleepy after a feed. Prolactin levels rise throughout pregnancy.
Progesterone (pregnancy hormone produced by the placenta) blocks prolactin's role in
milk production. Once the complete placenta is delivered, and the inhibiting influence of
progesterone is gone, prolactin causes copious production of milk
✔✔when is the most prolactin produced? - ✔✔At night
✔✔oxytocin - ✔✔There are oxytocin receptors in the breast, uterus and brain, and
oxytocin release is triggered by nipple stimulation, touch, smell, sight and sounds
(neurosensory). Therefore, massage-like movements of the infant's hands on the
breast(s) and suckling on the breast both cause a surge of oxytocin
✔✔more about oxytocin "love hormone" - ✔✔"milk letdown", contraction of uterus,
keeps mama calm, promotes bonding and mood, mobilizes nutrients / hunger / satiety
and hormones for the GI system.
✔✔milk removal depends on - ✔✔often enough
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔how do oligosaccharides (carbohydrates) assist the baby? - ✔✔protecting the gut
from harmful organisms by promoting the growth of bifidus factors. Bifidus factors
promote colonization with lactobacillus bifidus (probiotics), increase the acidity in the
intestinal environment (prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC), and inhibit the growth of
pathogenic bacteria
✔✔how many protiens in human milk? - ✔✔over 400
✔✔2 main types of protiens? - ✔✔whey and casein
✔✔whey? - ✔✔Whey is a smooth protein that forms soft curds that are quickly digested,
giving a continuous supply of nutrients to the infant = loose runny stools
✔✔Casein? - ✔✔forms a tough and less digestible curd that requires a high expenditure
of energy for an incomplete digestive process. Enhances the absorption of iron!
✔✔lactoferrin? (whey protein) - ✔✔Lactoferrin is bacteriostatic by depriving pathogens
of iron, which prevents overgrowth of potentially harmful organisms.
✔✔lipids in milk? - ✔✔main source of energy for the babe, 50% of the infants caloric
needs. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are known to have protective
properties for human health.
*Fat is the most variable component of human milk*
✔✔Did u know? - ✔✔Closure of the "leaky" junctions between the cells results in
changing milk composition from colostrum to mature milk. These gaps between the cells
allow greater passage of many immunoglobulins and maternal proteins into colostrum
and early milk
✔✔Types of WBC's in human milk? - ✔✔phagocytes (90%) and lymphocytes (10%)
Phagocytes:
engulf and absorb pathogens
produce lactoferrin and lysozyme
arrive first at an inflamed site, such as when mastitis occurs
Lymphocytes:
involved in creating antibodies targeted against specific microbes
kill infected cells directly or by sending out chemical messages to mobilize other
defences
strengthen an infant's own immune response
, ✔✔how is the thymus gland affected by Breastfeeding? - ✔✔Breastfeeding can double
the size of the infant's thymus gland. The thymus gland provides an environment for T-
lymphocytes to fully mature
✔✔what are IgG'S - ✔✔Immunoglobulins (Igs) are antibodies that play a critical role in
mucosal immunity. Mostly IGA. Very high in colostrum.
✔✔What do payer's patches do? - ✔✔take up food, bacteria, virsues and make IGA
✔✔2 HORMONES IN HUMAN MILK? - ✔✔Leptin and adiponectin
✔✔Leptin - ✔✔Regulation of body fat
Regulation of food intake and body weight
Recognition of hunger and appetite
Metabolism of sugars and lipids
✔✔Adiponectin - ✔✔Metabolism of sugars and lipids
Mediation of insulin sensitization in peripheral tissues (lower levels of adiponectin are
associated with decreased insulin sensitivity or increased insulin resistance)
✔✔Microbiome - ✔✔the infant microbiota is believed to be important as it maintains
homeostasis with the host's immune system
✔✔2 hormones that play a role in milk production - ✔✔prolactin (ant pituitary) and
oxytocin (post pituitary)
✔✔prolactin - ✔✔Causes alveoli to produce milk! increases with sucking, increases with
sleep, may feel sleepy after a feed. Prolactin levels rise throughout pregnancy.
Progesterone (pregnancy hormone produced by the placenta) blocks prolactin's role in
milk production. Once the complete placenta is delivered, and the inhibiting influence of
progesterone is gone, prolactin causes copious production of milk
✔✔when is the most prolactin produced? - ✔✔At night
✔✔oxytocin - ✔✔There are oxytocin receptors in the breast, uterus and brain, and
oxytocin release is triggered by nipple stimulation, touch, smell, sight and sounds
(neurosensory). Therefore, massage-like movements of the infant's hands on the
breast(s) and suckling on the breast both cause a surge of oxytocin
✔✔more about oxytocin "love hormone" - ✔✔"milk letdown", contraction of uterus,
keeps mama calm, promotes bonding and mood, mobilizes nutrients / hunger / satiety
and hormones for the GI system.
✔✔milk removal depends on - ✔✔often enough
