Pathology - Exam 1 Practice Questions with Correct Answers 2025/2026

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Pathology - Exam 1 Practice Questions
with Correct Answers 2025/2026
AN53-year-
oldNwomanNwithNnoNpriorNillnessesNhasNaNroutineNcheckupNbyNherNphysician.NOnNexaminationNshe
NhasNaNbloodNpressureNofN150/95NmmNHg.NIfNherNhypertensionNremainsNuntreatedNforNyears,Nwhic


hNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNalterationsNwouldNmostNlikelyNbeNseenNinNherNmyocardium?N

ANApoptosisN

BNDysplasiaN

CNFattyNchangeN

DNHemosiderosisN

ENHyperplasiaN

FNHypertrophyN

GNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NF

Reasoning:NTheNpressureNloadNonNtheNleftNventricleNresultsNinNanNincreaseNinNmyofilamentsNinNthe
NexistingNmyofibers,NsoNtheyNenlarge.NTheNresultNofNcontinuedNstressNfromNhypertensionNisNeventu


alNheartNfailureNwithNdecreasedNcontractility.N

ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNwouldNleadNtoNlossNofNcellsNandNdiminishedNsize.NDysplasiaNisNnotN
aNdiagnosisNmadeNforNtheNheart.NHemosiderinNdepositionNinNtheNheartNisNaNpathologicNprocessNre
sultingNfromNincreasedNironNstoresNinNtheNbody.NThoughNhyperplasiaNfromNproliferationNofNmyofib
roblastsNisNpossible,NthisNdoesNnotNcontributeNsignificantlyNtoNcardiacNsize.NMetaplasiaNofNmuscleN
doesNnotNoccur,NalthoughNlossNofNmuscleNoccursNwithNagingNandNischemiaNasNmyofibersNareNrepla
cedNbyNfibrousNtissue.



AN16-year-
oldNboyNsustainedNbluntNtraumaNtoNhisNabdomenNwhenNheNstruckNaNbridgeNabutmentNatNhighNspe
edNwhileNdrivingNaNmotorNvehicle.NPeritonealNlavageNshowsNaNhemoperitoneum,NandNatNlaparoto
my,NaNsmallNportionNofNtheNleftNlobeNofNtheNinjuredNliverNisNremoved.NTwoNmonthsNlater,NaNCTNscan

,NofNtheNabdomenNshowsNthatNtheNliverNhasNnearlyNregainedNitsNsizeNbeforeNtheNinjury.NWhichNofNth
eNfollowingNprocessesNbestNexplainsNthisNCTNscanNfinding?N

ANApoptosisN

BNDysplasiaN

CNHyperplasiaN

DNHydropicNchangeN

ENSteatosisN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:NC

Reasoning:NTheNliverNisNoneNofNtheNfewNorgansNinNtheNhumanNbodyNthatNcanNpartiallyNregenerate.N
ThisNisNaNformNofNcompensatoryNhyperplasia.NTheNstimuliNtoNhepatocyteNmitoticNactivityNceaseN

whenNtheNliverNhasNattainedNitsNnormalNsize.N

ExtendedNreasoning:NHepatocytesNcanNreenterNtheNcellNcycleNandNproliferateNtoNregenerateNtheNli
ver;NtheyNdoNnotNjustNhypertrophyN(increaseNinNsize).NApoptosisNisNsingleNcellNdeathNandNfrequentl
yNoccursNwithNviralNhepatitis.NDysplasiaNisNdisorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNthatNcanNbeNpremalig
nant.NHydropicNchange,NorNcellNswelling,NdoesNnotNproduceNregeneration.NSteatosisN(fattyNchange
)NcanNleadNtoNhepatomegaly,NbutNnotNasNaNregenerativeNprocess.NItNisNtheNresultNofNtoxic/metaboli
cNhepatocyteNinjury.



AN71-year-
oldNmanNhasNhadNdifficultyNwithNurination,NincludingNhesitancyNandNincreasedNfrequency,NforNtheN
pastN5Nyears.NANdigitalNrectalNexaminationNrevealsNthatNhisNprostateNglandNisNpalpablyNenlargedNto
NtwiceNnormalNsize.NANtransurethralNresectionNofNtheNprostateNisNperformed,NandNtheNmicroscopic


NappearanceNofNtheNprostateN"chips"NobtainedNisNthatNofNnodulesNofNglandsNwithNinterveningNstro


ma.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNpathologicNprocessesNhasNmostNlikelyNoccurredNinNhisNprostate?N

ANApoptosis

BNDysplasia

CNFattyNchangeN

DNHyperplasiaN

ENHypertrophyN

FNMetaplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-Answer:ND

,Reasoning:NBPHN(BenignNProstaticNHyperplasia)!NNodularNprostaticNhyperplasiaN(alsoNknownNasNb
enignNprostaticNhyperplasiaN[BPH])NisNaNcommonNconditionNinNolderNmenNthatNresultsNfromNprolif
erationNofNbothNprostaticNglandsNandNstroma.NTheNprostateNbecomesNmoreNsensitiveNtoNandrogen
icNstimulationNwithNage.NThisNisNanNexampleNofNpathologicNhyperplasia.

ExtendedNreasoning:NApoptosisNresultsNinNaNlossNof,NnotNanNincreaseNin,Ncells.NDysplasiaNrefersNtoN
disorderedNepithelialNcellNgrowthNandNmaturation.NFattyNchangeNinNhepatocytesNmayNproduceNhe
patomegaly.NAlthoughNBPHNisNoftenNcalledN"benignNprostaticNhypertrophy,"NthisNtermNisNtechnicall
yNincorrect;NitNisNtheNnumberNofNglandsNandNstromalNcellsNthatNisNincreased,NratherNthanNtheNsizeNo
fNexistingNcells.NANchangeNinNtheNglandularNepitheliumNtoNsquamousNepitheliumNaroundNaNprostati
cNinfarctNwouldNbeNanNexampleNofNmetaplasia.



AN29-year-
oldNmanNsustainsNaNleftNfemoralNfractureNinNaNmotorcycleNaccident.NHisNlegNisNplacedNinNaNplasterNc
ast.NAfterNhisNleftNlegNhasNbeenNimmobilizedNforN6Nweeks,NtheNdiameterNofNtheNleftNcalfNhasNdecre
asedNinNsize.NThisNchangeNinNsizeNisNmostNlikelyNtoNresultNfromNwhichNofNtheNfollowingNalterationsNi
nNhisNcalfNmuscles?N

ANAplasia

BNAtrophy

CNDystrophyN

DNHyalinosisN

ENHypoplasiaN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.

Answer:NB

Reasoning:NReducedNworkloadNcausesNcellNtoNshrinkNthroughNlossNofNcellNsubstance,NaNprocessNcal
ledNatrophy.NTheNcellsNareNstillNpresent,NjustNsmaller.N

ExtendedNreasoning:NAplasiaNrefersNtoNlackNofNembryonicNdevelopment;NhypoplasiaNdescribesNpo
orNorNsubnormalNdevelopmentNofNtissues.NDystrophyNofNmusclesNrefersNtoNinheritedNdisordersNofN
skeletalNmusclesNthatNleadNtoNmuscleNfiberNdestruction,Nweakness,NandNwasting.NHyalineNchangeN
(hyalinosis)NrefersNtoNaNnonspecific,Npink,NglassyNeosinophilicNappearanceNofNcells.



AN34-year-
oldNobeseNwomanNhasNexperiencedNheartburnNfromNgastricNrefluxNforNtheNpastN5NyearsNafterNeati
ngNlargeNmeals.NSheNundergoesNupperNgastrointestinalNendoscopy,NandNaNbiopsyNspecimenNofNthe

, NdistalNesophagusNisNobtained.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNmicroscopicNchanges,NseenNinNtheNfigure,N
hasNmostNlikelyNoccurred?N

ANColumnarNmetaplasiaN

BNGobletNcellNhyperplasiaN

CNLaminaNpropriaNatrophyN

DNSquamousNdysplasiaN

ENMucosalNhypertrophyN-NCORRECTNANSWERN-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Answer:NA

Reasoning:NBarrett'sNesophagus!NInflammationNfromNrefluxNofNgastricNacidNhasNresultedNinNreplac
ementNofNnormalNesophagealNsquamousNepitheliumNbyNintestinal-
typeNcolumnarNepitheliumNwithNgobletNcells.NSuchNconversionNofNoneNadultNcellNtypeNtoNanotherNc
ellNtypeNisNcalledNmetaplasia,NandNitNoccursNwhenNstimuliNreprogramNstemNcells.N

ExtendedNreasoning:NGobletNcellsNareNnotNnormalNconstituentsNofNtheNesophagealNmucosa,NandNt
heyNareNaNminorNpartNofNthisNmetaplasticNprocess.NTheNlaminaNpropriaNhasNsomeNinflammatoryNce
lls,NbutNitNdoesNnotNatrophy.NTheNsquamousNepitheliumNdoesNnotNbecomeNdysplasticNfromNacidNre
flux,NbutNtheNcolumnarNmetaplasiaNmayNprogressNtoNdysplasia,NnotNseenNhere,NifNtheNabnormalNsti
muliNcontinue.NTheseNcellsNareNnotNsignificantlyNincreasedNinNsizeN(hypertrophic).



AN22-year-oldNwomanNbecomesNpregnant.NANfetalNultra-
NsoundNexaminationNatN13Nweeks'NgestationNshowsNherNuterusNmeasuresN7N×N4N×N3Ncm.NAtNdeliver


yNofNaNtermNinfant,NherNuterusNmeasuresN34N×N18N×N12Ncm.NWhichNofNtheNfollowingNcellularNproce
ssesNhasNcontributedNmostNtoNtheNincreaseNinNherNuterineNsize?N

ANEndometrialNglandularNhyperplasiaN