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NUR1460 Final Exam with correct detailed solutions

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NUR1460 Final Exam with correct detailed solutions

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NUR1460 Final Exam with correct
detailed solutions

Potassium - Correct answer ✔3.5-5.0 (cardiac) |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Calcium - Correct answer ✔8.5-10.5 |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Sodium - Correct answer ✔135-145 (neuro)
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Magnesium - Correct answer ✔1.3-2.1 (muscular) |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Chloride - Correct answer ✔99-109 |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Albumin - Correct answer ✔3.5-5.5 |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Phosphorus - Correct answer ✔2.7-4.5 |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




pH - Correct answer ✔7.35-7.45
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




<7.35 ACIDOTIC ||||||




>7.45 ALKALOTIC ||||||




HCO3 - Correct answer ✔22-26
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




<22 ACIDOTIC
||||||

,2


>26 ALKALOTIC
||||||




PCO2 - Correct answer ✔35-45
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




>45 ACIDOTIC
||||||




<35 ALKALOTIC
||||||




what are some causes of electrolyte imbalances? - Correct answer ✔diarrhea, vomiting,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




trauma, MI, excessive sweating, CHF, renal disease/failure, dehydration, acid-base imbalance,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




cancer treatments, overuse of laxatives or diuretics, bulimia
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




causes of hypokalemia (alkalotic) - Correct answer ✔D-drugs (laxatives, diuretics)
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




I-inadequate amount of potassium in diet |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




T-too much water intake (dilutes)
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




C-Cushing's syndrome ||||||




H-heavy fluid loss |||||| ||||||




s/s hypokalemia - Correct answer ✔Weak pulses, shallow respirations with diminished breath
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




sounds (due to weakness of accessory muscle movement to breath), confusion, weakness,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




decreased DTR, decreased bowel sounds. 7 L's: lethargy, low shallow respirations, lethal
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




cardiac dysrhythmias, lots of urine, leg cramps, limp muscles, low BP & heart. Abnormal
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




rhythm, irritability, nausea/vomiting |||||| ||||||




foods high in potassium - Correct answer ✔potatoes, pork, oranges, tomatoes, avocados,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




strawberries, spinach, fish, mushrooms, musk melons, cantaloupe, carrots, raisins, bananas |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




causes of hyperkalemia - Correct answer ✔C-cellular movement of potassium from
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




intracellular to extracellular (burns, tissue damage) |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




A-adrenal insufficiency w/ Addison's disease |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

,3


R-renal failure |||||| ||||||




E-excessive potassium intake |||||| |||||| ||||||




D-drugs (K sparing diuretics, NSAIDS) |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




s/s hyperkalemia - Correct answer ✔irritability and anxiety, hypotension, abdominal cramping,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




diarrhea, muscle weakness/twitching, little to no urine production, rhythm changes in EKG
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




interventions for hyperkalemia - Correct answer ✔Prepare patient for dialysis if they are renal |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




failure and get dialysis regularly as they will have high potassium. Kayexalate is sometimes
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




ordered, promotes GI sodium absorption which causes potassium excretion, give potassium
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




wasting diuretics like Lasix or hydrochlorothiazide, administer hypertonic solution of glucose
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




and regular insulin to pull potassium into cell (glucagon and insulin). Cut back on foods that
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




are high in potassium
|||||| |||||| ||||||




causes of hypocalcemia - Correct answer ✔L-low parathyroid hormone
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




O-oral intake inadequate |||||| ||||||




W-wound drainage |||||| ||||||




C-celiac's and Crohn's |||||| |||||| ||||||




A-acute pancreatitis ||||||




L-low vitamin D levels
|||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




C-chronic kidney issues |||||| ||||||




I-increased phosphorus levels in the blood |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




U-using medications like magnesium supplements, laxatives, loop diuretics, calcium binder
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




drugs

M-mobility issues ||||||




s/s hypocalcemia - Correct answer ✔C-confusion
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




R-reflexes hyperactive ||||||

, 4


A-arrhythmias

M-muscle spasms in calves or feet, tetany, seizures |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




P-positive Trousseau (see before tetany or Chvostek) |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




food high in calcium - Correct answer ✔yogurt, sardines, cheese, spinach, collard greens, tofu,
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




rhubarb, milk ||||||




causes of hypercalcemia - Correct answer ✔H-hyperparathyroidism
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




I-increased intake of calcium |||||| |||||| ||||||




G-glucocorticoids usage ||||||




H-hyperthyroidism

C-calcium excretion decreased with thiazide diuretics and renal failure, cancer of the bones
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




A-adrenal insufficiency w/ Addison's disease |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




L-lithium usage ||||||




s/s hypercalcemia - Correct answer ✔W-weakness of muscles
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




E-EKG changes ||||||




A-absent reflexes, absent minded (disoriented), abdominal distention from constipation
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




K-kidney stone formation (renal calculi) |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




interventions for hypercalcemia - Correct answer ✔keep patient safe from falls, assess for |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




complaints of flank or abdominal pain and strain urine to look for stone formation
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




causes of hyponatremia - Correct answer ✔N-Na+ excretion increased with renal problems, NG
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




suctioning, vomiting, diuretics, sweating, diarrhea, diabetes insipidus
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




O-overload of fluid with CHF (dilutes), renal failure |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

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