PAT 401 - MIDTERM 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what causes gastrointestinal disorders? - Correct Answers -structural and neural
abnormalities can slow, obstruct, or speed up movement of intestinal content
what conditions of the GI disrupt secretion, motility, or absorption? - Correct Answers -
inflammatory or ulcerative conditions
what do inflammatory or ulcerative GI conditions cause - Correct Answers -disrupt
secretion, motility, and absorption
what conditions of the GI alter metabolism causing local and systemic symptoms -
Correct Answers -inflammation or obstruction of liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
what causes alteration of metabolism causing local or systemic symptoms in the GI -
Correct Answers -inflammation or obstruction of liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
examples of GI disorders - Correct Answers -obstruction, appendicitis, acute
pancreatitis, cholelithusis, cholestasis, NEC, billiard artemisia, instuccuption
what do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas do? - Correct Answers -secrete substances
necessary for digestion like enzymes and bile
causes of bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -aspiration of own nasopharyngeal
bacterial, inhalation of chlampdia or mycoplasma from droplet or enviourment
patho of bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -bacteria encounters antibodies,
inflammatory response, neutrophils into lungs, edema, encouragement, blood
mismatch, hypoxemia respiratory failure
medication for bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -antibiotics
antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -amoxicillin and azithromycin
azithromycin classification - Correct Answers -macrolides
disorders of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas - Correct Answers -inflammatory,
obstruction of ducts, tumours
,what is an obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction of the intestines caused by any
condition that prevents normal flow of chyme through intestine
manifestations of obstructions - Correct Answers -fluid and electrolyte issues, N/V,
distention, acid-base issues, inflammation
diagnosis of obstruction - Correct Answers -imagining and manifestations per location
and type
treatment of obstruction - Correct Answers -replace fluid carefully, decompress with
suction, lap procedure for adhesion, surgery for strangulation or complete, stent for
malignancy, antibiotics
classifications types of intestinal obstruction - Correct Answers -onset, extent, location,
effects of wall, casual factors
onset of obstruction classifications - Correct Answers -acute and chronic
acute obstruction - Correct Answers -sudden, caused by mechanical causes like
volvulus, intussusception, adhesions, or herniation
chronic obstruction - Correct Answers -protracted onset, common in tumour growth or
formation of strictures
extent of obstruction classification - Correct Answers -partial and complete
partial obstruction - Correct Answers -incomplete obstruction caused by tumours or
inflammation, usually of large intestine
manifestations of partial obstruction - Correct Answers -diarrhea or constipation
complete obstruction - Correct Answers -surgical emergency, complete obstruction of
lumen
manifestations of complete obstruction - Correct Answers -increased bowel sounds,
abdominal pain, peristaltic rushes, hypovolemia and acidosis 24 hours later, distention
distention in complete obstruction - Correct Answers -may be severe causing decreased
lung volume leading to pneumonia or atelectasis
location of obstructing lesion classifications - Correct Answers -intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction within lumen due to tumours,
fibrosis, hernia, edema, gallstones, hemorrhage
,extrinsic obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction outside lumen due to tumour,
fibrosis, hernia, introspection, and torsion
effects of intestinal wall obstruction classifications - Correct Answers -simple,
strangulated, and closed loop
simple obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction without impairment of blood supply,
preventing flow of chyme through intestine
strangulated obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction with occlusion to blood flow
leading to intestinal ischemia, necrosis, or perforation
closed loop obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction at each end of intestine
segment, both sides
casual factors obstruction classification - Correct Answers -mechanical and functional or
paralytic ileum
mechanical obstruction - Correct Answers -Blockage of the lumen by intrinsic or
extrinsic lesion, need surgery
what is simple obstruction caused by - Correct Answers -fibrosus adhesions in small
intestine
which intestine is more commonly impacted by simple obstruction - Correct Answers -
small intestine
functional / paralytic ileum obstruction - Correct Answers -failure of normal intestinal
motility, paralysis of muscle
what may functional / paralytic ileum be caused by - Correct Answers -surgery, trauma,
imbalance, peritonitis, decompression, intestinal infection, hypokalemia, pancritisis,
cardiac issues
postoperative paralytic ileum - Correct Answers -multifactorial and complex interaction
between ANS and CNS causing disorganized electrical activity and paralysis
cause of postoperative paralytic ileum - Correct Answers -unknown but can be due to
complex interaction between ANS and CNS causing paralysis
common causes of intestinal obstruction - Correct Answers -herniation, adhesions,
volvulus (torsion), intussusception
herniation - Correct Answers -protrusion of intestine through weakness of abdominal
muscle
, adhesions - Correct Answers -peritoneal irritation from surgery, trauma, or Crohn's
leading to fibrin and adhesions that attach to intestine
adhesions most common in what intestine - Correct Answers -small intestine
volvulus (torsion) - Correct Answers -twisting of intestine with occlusion of blood supply
associated with adhesions
volvulus most common in? - Correct Answers -middle age to old age men
intussusception - Correct Answers -telescoping or invagination of one part of intestine
into another causing strangulation of blood supply and obstruction
most common type of intussusception - Correct Answers -ileum invaginating into
cecum, two parts of colon stuck in between each other
what can intussusception cause - Correct Answers -mesentery constriction obstructing
venous return leading to engorgement, edema, and compression
manifestations of intususpeption - Correct Answers -abdominal pain, irritability, colicky
in infants, knees to the chest, abdominal mass, vomiting, and bloody stool
knees to the chest in what GI issue - Correct Answers -intususpeption
why do infants draw knees to the chest in intususpeption - Correct Answers -due to
abdominal pressure, to relive the pressure
bloody stool in intususpeption - Correct Answers -dark and jelly like stools due to blood
and mucous content
stool in intususpeption - Correct Answers -dark and gelatinous like
vomiting in intususpeption - Correct Answers -once pain begins
treatment of intususpeption - Correct Answers -enema reduction, surgery if not
successful
what can happen in f intususpeption is left untreated - Correct Answers -bleeding,
necrosis, bowel perforation, gangrene, fatal
common age for intususception - Correct Answers -10-15 months
chronic pseudo obstruction - Correct Answers -idiopathic
pathophysiology of obstructions? - Correct Answers -- accumulation of gas and fluid
causing distention and loss of water & electrolytes
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what causes gastrointestinal disorders? - Correct Answers -structural and neural
abnormalities can slow, obstruct, or speed up movement of intestinal content
what conditions of the GI disrupt secretion, motility, or absorption? - Correct Answers -
inflammatory or ulcerative conditions
what do inflammatory or ulcerative GI conditions cause - Correct Answers -disrupt
secretion, motility, and absorption
what conditions of the GI alter metabolism causing local and systemic symptoms -
Correct Answers -inflammation or obstruction of liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
what causes alteration of metabolism causing local or systemic symptoms in the GI -
Correct Answers -inflammation or obstruction of liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
examples of GI disorders - Correct Answers -obstruction, appendicitis, acute
pancreatitis, cholelithusis, cholestasis, NEC, billiard artemisia, instuccuption
what do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas do? - Correct Answers -secrete substances
necessary for digestion like enzymes and bile
causes of bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -aspiration of own nasopharyngeal
bacterial, inhalation of chlampdia or mycoplasma from droplet or enviourment
patho of bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -bacteria encounters antibodies,
inflammatory response, neutrophils into lungs, edema, encouragement, blood
mismatch, hypoxemia respiratory failure
medication for bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -antibiotics
antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia - Correct Answers -amoxicillin and azithromycin
azithromycin classification - Correct Answers -macrolides
disorders of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas - Correct Answers -inflammatory,
obstruction of ducts, tumours
,what is an obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction of the intestines caused by any
condition that prevents normal flow of chyme through intestine
manifestations of obstructions - Correct Answers -fluid and electrolyte issues, N/V,
distention, acid-base issues, inflammation
diagnosis of obstruction - Correct Answers -imagining and manifestations per location
and type
treatment of obstruction - Correct Answers -replace fluid carefully, decompress with
suction, lap procedure for adhesion, surgery for strangulation or complete, stent for
malignancy, antibiotics
classifications types of intestinal obstruction - Correct Answers -onset, extent, location,
effects of wall, casual factors
onset of obstruction classifications - Correct Answers -acute and chronic
acute obstruction - Correct Answers -sudden, caused by mechanical causes like
volvulus, intussusception, adhesions, or herniation
chronic obstruction - Correct Answers -protracted onset, common in tumour growth or
formation of strictures
extent of obstruction classification - Correct Answers -partial and complete
partial obstruction - Correct Answers -incomplete obstruction caused by tumours or
inflammation, usually of large intestine
manifestations of partial obstruction - Correct Answers -diarrhea or constipation
complete obstruction - Correct Answers -surgical emergency, complete obstruction of
lumen
manifestations of complete obstruction - Correct Answers -increased bowel sounds,
abdominal pain, peristaltic rushes, hypovolemia and acidosis 24 hours later, distention
distention in complete obstruction - Correct Answers -may be severe causing decreased
lung volume leading to pneumonia or atelectasis
location of obstructing lesion classifications - Correct Answers -intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction within lumen due to tumours,
fibrosis, hernia, edema, gallstones, hemorrhage
,extrinsic obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction outside lumen due to tumour,
fibrosis, hernia, introspection, and torsion
effects of intestinal wall obstruction classifications - Correct Answers -simple,
strangulated, and closed loop
simple obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction without impairment of blood supply,
preventing flow of chyme through intestine
strangulated obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction with occlusion to blood flow
leading to intestinal ischemia, necrosis, or perforation
closed loop obstruction - Correct Answers -obstruction at each end of intestine
segment, both sides
casual factors obstruction classification - Correct Answers -mechanical and functional or
paralytic ileum
mechanical obstruction - Correct Answers -Blockage of the lumen by intrinsic or
extrinsic lesion, need surgery
what is simple obstruction caused by - Correct Answers -fibrosus adhesions in small
intestine
which intestine is more commonly impacted by simple obstruction - Correct Answers -
small intestine
functional / paralytic ileum obstruction - Correct Answers -failure of normal intestinal
motility, paralysis of muscle
what may functional / paralytic ileum be caused by - Correct Answers -surgery, trauma,
imbalance, peritonitis, decompression, intestinal infection, hypokalemia, pancritisis,
cardiac issues
postoperative paralytic ileum - Correct Answers -multifactorial and complex interaction
between ANS and CNS causing disorganized electrical activity and paralysis
cause of postoperative paralytic ileum - Correct Answers -unknown but can be due to
complex interaction between ANS and CNS causing paralysis
common causes of intestinal obstruction - Correct Answers -herniation, adhesions,
volvulus (torsion), intussusception
herniation - Correct Answers -protrusion of intestine through weakness of abdominal
muscle
, adhesions - Correct Answers -peritoneal irritation from surgery, trauma, or Crohn's
leading to fibrin and adhesions that attach to intestine
adhesions most common in what intestine - Correct Answers -small intestine
volvulus (torsion) - Correct Answers -twisting of intestine with occlusion of blood supply
associated with adhesions
volvulus most common in? - Correct Answers -middle age to old age men
intussusception - Correct Answers -telescoping or invagination of one part of intestine
into another causing strangulation of blood supply and obstruction
most common type of intussusception - Correct Answers -ileum invaginating into
cecum, two parts of colon stuck in between each other
what can intussusception cause - Correct Answers -mesentery constriction obstructing
venous return leading to engorgement, edema, and compression
manifestations of intususpeption - Correct Answers -abdominal pain, irritability, colicky
in infants, knees to the chest, abdominal mass, vomiting, and bloody stool
knees to the chest in what GI issue - Correct Answers -intususpeption
why do infants draw knees to the chest in intususpeption - Correct Answers -due to
abdominal pressure, to relive the pressure
bloody stool in intususpeption - Correct Answers -dark and jelly like stools due to blood
and mucous content
stool in intususpeption - Correct Answers -dark and gelatinous like
vomiting in intususpeption - Correct Answers -once pain begins
treatment of intususpeption - Correct Answers -enema reduction, surgery if not
successful
what can happen in f intususpeption is left untreated - Correct Answers -bleeding,
necrosis, bowel perforation, gangrene, fatal
common age for intususception - Correct Answers -10-15 months
chronic pseudo obstruction - Correct Answers -idiopathic
pathophysiology of obstructions? - Correct Answers -- accumulation of gas and fluid
causing distention and loss of water & electrolytes
