HCL 303 Exam 1 2025 Questions and
Answers
Prehistoric medicine - ANS before written records, based on archaeological findings, difficult
to interpret
prehistoric medicine culture - ANS nomadic and tribal, used available resources (plants,
stone, mud), spirits are responsible for "invisible" illnesses, evidence that broken bones were
healed
ancient medicine - ANS civilizations recorded history; agricultural society, cities were formed
and disease spread quickly due to population density
ancient medicine culture - ANS illness was a punishment from gods, healing was a gift
- Hippocrates and Imhotep
Imhotep - ANS (Egypt) first physician
Hippocrates - ANS (Greece) first to consider medicine as separate from religion, believed
illness was caused by imbalanced humors, Hippocratic Oath - social contract between healers
and patients
medieval medicine - ANS after fall of Roman Empire
Pg. 1 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, medieval medicine culture - ANS illness was heavily influenced by religion and superstition;
Black Death killed 1/3 of European population; first hospitals in Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus,
first school of medicine in Salerno, Italy; Avicenna
Avicenna - ANS produced the Canon of Medicine which summarized medical knowledge
renaissance medicine - ANS rebirth of medical knowledge - focus on humors, eventually
develop science of human body, invisible germs were proposed as a method of disease
transmission
modern medicine - ANS germ theory established, control of infectious diseases through
vaccines, antibiotics, handwashing and regulation of medicine ingredients and doses; required
training, licensure and regulation; specialized areas, heavily influenced by scientific discovery
and policy
Apollo - ANS god of healing, eternal youth and vitality require bright sun, illness is the result
of disharmony and healing is the result of restoring
Chiron - ANS centaur, taught medical arts/skills to Asclepius and men; leg was wounded by
poison arrow but could not die, offered to give his life for Prometheus. Two impact:
(1) transformative power of healing (2) selflessness of healers
Asclepius - ANS demi-god (son of Apollo and Coronis), learned medicine and surgery, saved
many people from certain death which angered gods. Killed by Zeus, no one able to escape
death; elevated healing to a divine skill
Hygeia - ANS antithesis of Asclepius. don't treat illness, PREVENT it. clean body, clean home,
clean water; the body can prevent and treat diseases on its own
blue cross - ANS usually covers cost of hospital care
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Answers
Prehistoric medicine - ANS before written records, based on archaeological findings, difficult
to interpret
prehistoric medicine culture - ANS nomadic and tribal, used available resources (plants,
stone, mud), spirits are responsible for "invisible" illnesses, evidence that broken bones were
healed
ancient medicine - ANS civilizations recorded history; agricultural society, cities were formed
and disease spread quickly due to population density
ancient medicine culture - ANS illness was a punishment from gods, healing was a gift
- Hippocrates and Imhotep
Imhotep - ANS (Egypt) first physician
Hippocrates - ANS (Greece) first to consider medicine as separate from religion, believed
illness was caused by imbalanced humors, Hippocratic Oath - social contract between healers
and patients
medieval medicine - ANS after fall of Roman Empire
Pg. 1 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, medieval medicine culture - ANS illness was heavily influenced by religion and superstition;
Black Death killed 1/3 of European population; first hospitals in Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus,
first school of medicine in Salerno, Italy; Avicenna
Avicenna - ANS produced the Canon of Medicine which summarized medical knowledge
renaissance medicine - ANS rebirth of medical knowledge - focus on humors, eventually
develop science of human body, invisible germs were proposed as a method of disease
transmission
modern medicine - ANS germ theory established, control of infectious diseases through
vaccines, antibiotics, handwashing and regulation of medicine ingredients and doses; required
training, licensure and regulation; specialized areas, heavily influenced by scientific discovery
and policy
Apollo - ANS god of healing, eternal youth and vitality require bright sun, illness is the result
of disharmony and healing is the result of restoring
Chiron - ANS centaur, taught medical arts/skills to Asclepius and men; leg was wounded by
poison arrow but could not die, offered to give his life for Prometheus. Two impact:
(1) transformative power of healing (2) selflessness of healers
Asclepius - ANS demi-god (son of Apollo and Coronis), learned medicine and surgery, saved
many people from certain death which angered gods. Killed by Zeus, no one able to escape
death; elevated healing to a divine skill
Hygeia - ANS antithesis of Asclepius. don't treat illness, PREVENT it. clean body, clean home,
clean water; the body can prevent and treat diseases on its own
blue cross - ANS usually covers cost of hospital care
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
