WGU D307 Complete exam RevieW – 100%
veRifieD StUDy GUiDe foR maSteRy &
GUaRanteeD SUCCeSS | neWeSt eDition
◉ Formative Assessment. Answer: assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson
and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching
◉ Summative Assessment. Answer: assessment data collected after instruction to
evaluate a student's mastery of the curriculum objectives and a teacher's effectiveness
at instructional delivery.
◉ Authentic Assessment. Answer: a testing procedure that focuses on the process used
in solving complex, real-life problems rather than the product that results from the
process
◉ Performance-Based Assessment. Answer: an assessment that requires a student to
perform a task rather than select an answer from a pre-determined list of options.
◉ Selected Response Assessment. Answer: an assessment that requires a student to
identify a correct answer from given options; e.g. multiple choice, matching, etc
◉ Criterion-Referenced Assessment. Answer: an assessment in which a student's
performance is compared to a particular level of mastery
◉ Norm-Referenced Assessment. Answer: an assessment that indicates how students
perform relative to a peer group
◉ 3 Factors of Instructional Contexts. Answer: physical (instructional media), social
(opportunities for peer & student-teacher interaction), motivational (content being
relevant/interesting to students)
◉ Stages of Development - Physical. Answer: 0-2yrs: infant stage; gross motor skills
develop; sit, walk, jump, throw, etc.
2-6yrs: early childhood; fine motor skills improve; drawing, eating with utensils, etc.
6-10yrs: middle childhood; coordination improves; sports, good handwriting, etc.
10-18 yrs: puberty; increased muscle mass, greater independence
◉ Stages of Development - Cognitive (Piaget). Answer: 0-2yrs: sensorimotor stage;
infants use senses to relate to their environment, develop object permanence
2-7yrs: preoperational stage; children can use symbols to relate to their environment,
conduct pretend play; characterized by egocentrism
7-11yrs: concrete operational stage; children begin using logic and mathematics,
understand conservation
, 12+yrs: formal operational stage; children begin using abstract and moral reasoning
◉ Stages of Development - Psychosocial (Erikson). Answer: Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1
year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)
◉ Stages of Development - Moral (Kohlberg). Answer: Level 1: Preconventional
--> Stage 1: Obedience & Punishment Orientation (punished actions = bad actions,
external authority)
--> Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation ("what's in it for me" mentality)
Level 2: Conventional
--> Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation (good behavior is defined by "niceness";
seeking approval)
--> Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation (rules & convention fully accepted; duty-based)
Level 3: Postconventional
--> Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (willing to oppose "bad" laws; understands
moral diversity)
--> Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation (adherence to strong abstract sense
of justice)
◉ Stages of Development - Moral (Gilligan). Answer: Preconventional: "I love myself"
Conventional: "I love you more than I love myself"
Postconventional: "I love myself and I love you"
◉ Stages of Development - Social/Emotional. Answer: 2mo: cry to get needs met, self-
soothe by sucking
4mo: differentiated crying for different needs, smile in response to smiles
6mo: differentiate people, respond to emotions of others
9mo: stranger anxiety, toy preferences
12mo: have favorite people, play interactive games
18-24mo: temper tantrums/defiance, simple pretend play, parallel play
3-4yrs: wide range of emotions, interest in pretend play & cooperative play, separate
from caregivers more easily
5-6yrs: more conversational/independent, test boundaries, understand embarrassment
7-8yrs: try to behave well but aren't attentive to directions, try to express feelings but
may resort to aggression, aware of perceptions of others
9-10yrs: share secrets/jokes with friends, start developing identity away from family
11-15yrs: start thinking logically/introspectively, may need privacy, testing new ideas
16-18yrs: strive for independence, try to uncover strengths/weaknesses, may seem self-
centered or impulsive, spend time with friends and may date
veRifieD StUDy GUiDe foR maSteRy &
GUaRanteeD SUCCeSS | neWeSt eDition
◉ Formative Assessment. Answer: assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson
and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching
◉ Summative Assessment. Answer: assessment data collected after instruction to
evaluate a student's mastery of the curriculum objectives and a teacher's effectiveness
at instructional delivery.
◉ Authentic Assessment. Answer: a testing procedure that focuses on the process used
in solving complex, real-life problems rather than the product that results from the
process
◉ Performance-Based Assessment. Answer: an assessment that requires a student to
perform a task rather than select an answer from a pre-determined list of options.
◉ Selected Response Assessment. Answer: an assessment that requires a student to
identify a correct answer from given options; e.g. multiple choice, matching, etc
◉ Criterion-Referenced Assessment. Answer: an assessment in which a student's
performance is compared to a particular level of mastery
◉ Norm-Referenced Assessment. Answer: an assessment that indicates how students
perform relative to a peer group
◉ 3 Factors of Instructional Contexts. Answer: physical (instructional media), social
(opportunities for peer & student-teacher interaction), motivational (content being
relevant/interesting to students)
◉ Stages of Development - Physical. Answer: 0-2yrs: infant stage; gross motor skills
develop; sit, walk, jump, throw, etc.
2-6yrs: early childhood; fine motor skills improve; drawing, eating with utensils, etc.
6-10yrs: middle childhood; coordination improves; sports, good handwriting, etc.
10-18 yrs: puberty; increased muscle mass, greater independence
◉ Stages of Development - Cognitive (Piaget). Answer: 0-2yrs: sensorimotor stage;
infants use senses to relate to their environment, develop object permanence
2-7yrs: preoperational stage; children can use symbols to relate to their environment,
conduct pretend play; characterized by egocentrism
7-11yrs: concrete operational stage; children begin using logic and mathematics,
understand conservation
, 12+yrs: formal operational stage; children begin using abstract and moral reasoning
◉ Stages of Development - Psychosocial (Erikson). Answer: Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1
year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)
◉ Stages of Development - Moral (Kohlberg). Answer: Level 1: Preconventional
--> Stage 1: Obedience & Punishment Orientation (punished actions = bad actions,
external authority)
--> Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation ("what's in it for me" mentality)
Level 2: Conventional
--> Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation (good behavior is defined by "niceness";
seeking approval)
--> Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation (rules & convention fully accepted; duty-based)
Level 3: Postconventional
--> Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation (willing to oppose "bad" laws; understands
moral diversity)
--> Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation (adherence to strong abstract sense
of justice)
◉ Stages of Development - Moral (Gilligan). Answer: Preconventional: "I love myself"
Conventional: "I love you more than I love myself"
Postconventional: "I love myself and I love you"
◉ Stages of Development - Social/Emotional. Answer: 2mo: cry to get needs met, self-
soothe by sucking
4mo: differentiated crying for different needs, smile in response to smiles
6mo: differentiate people, respond to emotions of others
9mo: stranger anxiety, toy preferences
12mo: have favorite people, play interactive games
18-24mo: temper tantrums/defiance, simple pretend play, parallel play
3-4yrs: wide range of emotions, interest in pretend play & cooperative play, separate
from caregivers more easily
5-6yrs: more conversational/independent, test boundaries, understand embarrassment
7-8yrs: try to behave well but aren't attentive to directions, try to express feelings but
may resort to aggression, aware of perceptions of others
9-10yrs: share secrets/jokes with friends, start developing identity away from family
11-15yrs: start thinking logically/introspectively, may need privacy, testing new ideas
16-18yrs: strive for independence, try to uncover strengths/weaknesses, may seem self-
centered or impulsive, spend time with friends and may date
