PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ANATOMY, 15TH EDITION BY
TORTORA
1.Anatomy - ANSWER the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
2.Physiology - ANSWER the study of the functions of the body, or how the body parts work and carry out
their life sustaining activities
3.Principle of Complementary - ANSWER Structure determines function
4.Maintaining boundaries - ANSWER Cell membrane and integumentary system
5.Movement - ANSWER Activities promoted by the muscular system
6.Responsiveness (irritability) - ANSWER Sense changes and respond to them
7.Digestion - ANSWER Breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules for absorption
8.Metabolism - ANSWER All chemical reactions within body cells
9.Catabolism - ANSWER Breakdown into simpler substances
10.Anabolism - ANSWER Synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
11.Excretion - ANSWER Removing waste
12.Reproduction - ANSWER Creating new daughter cells or offspring
13.Growth - ANSWER Increase in size or cell number
,14.Organization of life - ANSWER chemicals (atoms, molecules), cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organisms
15.Organ systems - ANSWER integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic/immunity, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
16.Anatomical position - ANSWER body erect, arms at sides, legs together, palms face up. This allows
proper orientation of the parts of the body and gives us a directional reference point, regardless of the
position of the body
17.Frontal (coronal) plane - ANSWER divides into front and back halves (like a CT scan)
18.Sagittal plane - ANSWER divides into left and right halves (midsagittal divides into equal left and right
halves
19.Transverse (axial) plane - ANSWER divides into top and bottom halves
20.Direction terms - ANSWER allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
21.Spinal cavity - ANSWER Contains spine
22.Dorsal cavity - ANSWER Made of cranial and spinal cavities
23.Cranial cavity - ANSWER Contains brain
24.Ventral cavity - ANSWER Made of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
25.Thoracic cavity - ANSWER Contains lungs and heart, bounded posteriorly by diaphragm
,26.Abdominal cavity - ANSWER Contains digestive organs and spleen
27.Pelvic cavity - ANSWER Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and some digestive organs
28.Serous membrane - ANSWER like a fist in a balloon. A double layered membrane with fluid in the
cavity between layers. Allows organs to move without friction (heart and lungs)
29.Partial pleura - ANSWER Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
30.Visceral pleura - ANSWER covers lungs, pleural cavity is found between parietal and visceral pleura
Parietal pericardium - ANSWER Sac around heart
Visceral pericardium - ANSWER also called epicardium, covers heart with pericardial cavity in between
Parietal peritoneum - ANSWER Lined walls of abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum - ANSWER Covers abdominal organs
Body quadrants - ANSWER
Negative feedback - ANSWER Blood glucose levels
Positive feedback - ANSWER Contractions in labor
Matter - ANSWER made of atoms, all things made of matter. Forms or states of matter: solid, liquid, gas
Atoms - ANSWER smallest unit of an element, composed of a nucleus (protons + , neutrons 0), and an
electron cloud (electrons - )
, Ionic bonding - ANSWER atoms donate electrons to create ions that are then attracted to one another to
form molecules
Cations - ANSWER Ions with a positive charge
Anions - ANSWER Ions with a negative charge
Electrolytes - ANSWER All ions are electrolytes, substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.
Electrolytes are necessary for proper metabolic functions and make bones and teeth hard
Covalent bonding - ANSWER atoms share electron between atoms to form molecules
Polar covalent bonding - ANSWER unequal sharing of electrons that creates positively and negatively
charged ends to a molecule. Water is a common polar compound
Nonpolar covalent bonding - ANSWER evenly shared electrons; CO2, hydrocarbons in cell membrane
Hydrogen covalent bonding - ANSWER forms between polar molecules. Attraction between partially
positive hydrogen atoms and the partially negative end of another polar covalent molecule; "rungs" of
DNA molecule
Water - ANSWER Has properties due to its covalent bond
High specific heat capacity - ANSWER Amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water's value is extremely high due to energy needed to break hydrogen
bonds. Contributes to keeping body temperature constant and allows subtle changes in temperature
High heat of vaporization - ANSWER Heat required for release of molecules from a liquid phase into a
gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance. Water's value very high due to hydrogen bonding. Sweating
cools body, excess heat dissipated as water evaporates
TORTORA
1.Anatomy - ANSWER the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
2.Physiology - ANSWER the study of the functions of the body, or how the body parts work and carry out
their life sustaining activities
3.Principle of Complementary - ANSWER Structure determines function
4.Maintaining boundaries - ANSWER Cell membrane and integumentary system
5.Movement - ANSWER Activities promoted by the muscular system
6.Responsiveness (irritability) - ANSWER Sense changes and respond to them
7.Digestion - ANSWER Breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules for absorption
8.Metabolism - ANSWER All chemical reactions within body cells
9.Catabolism - ANSWER Breakdown into simpler substances
10.Anabolism - ANSWER Synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
11.Excretion - ANSWER Removing waste
12.Reproduction - ANSWER Creating new daughter cells or offspring
13.Growth - ANSWER Increase in size or cell number
,14.Organization of life - ANSWER chemicals (atoms, molecules), cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organisms
15.Organ systems - ANSWER integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic/immunity, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
16.Anatomical position - ANSWER body erect, arms at sides, legs together, palms face up. This allows
proper orientation of the parts of the body and gives us a directional reference point, regardless of the
position of the body
17.Frontal (coronal) plane - ANSWER divides into front and back halves (like a CT scan)
18.Sagittal plane - ANSWER divides into left and right halves (midsagittal divides into equal left and right
halves
19.Transverse (axial) plane - ANSWER divides into top and bottom halves
20.Direction terms - ANSWER allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
21.Spinal cavity - ANSWER Contains spine
22.Dorsal cavity - ANSWER Made of cranial and spinal cavities
23.Cranial cavity - ANSWER Contains brain
24.Ventral cavity - ANSWER Made of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
25.Thoracic cavity - ANSWER Contains lungs and heart, bounded posteriorly by diaphragm
,26.Abdominal cavity - ANSWER Contains digestive organs and spleen
27.Pelvic cavity - ANSWER Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and some digestive organs
28.Serous membrane - ANSWER like a fist in a balloon. A double layered membrane with fluid in the
cavity between layers. Allows organs to move without friction (heart and lungs)
29.Partial pleura - ANSWER Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
30.Visceral pleura - ANSWER covers lungs, pleural cavity is found between parietal and visceral pleura
Parietal pericardium - ANSWER Sac around heart
Visceral pericardium - ANSWER also called epicardium, covers heart with pericardial cavity in between
Parietal peritoneum - ANSWER Lined walls of abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum - ANSWER Covers abdominal organs
Body quadrants - ANSWER
Negative feedback - ANSWER Blood glucose levels
Positive feedback - ANSWER Contractions in labor
Matter - ANSWER made of atoms, all things made of matter. Forms or states of matter: solid, liquid, gas
Atoms - ANSWER smallest unit of an element, composed of a nucleus (protons + , neutrons 0), and an
electron cloud (electrons - )
, Ionic bonding - ANSWER atoms donate electrons to create ions that are then attracted to one another to
form molecules
Cations - ANSWER Ions with a positive charge
Anions - ANSWER Ions with a negative charge
Electrolytes - ANSWER All ions are electrolytes, substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.
Electrolytes are necessary for proper metabolic functions and make bones and teeth hard
Covalent bonding - ANSWER atoms share electron between atoms to form molecules
Polar covalent bonding - ANSWER unequal sharing of electrons that creates positively and negatively
charged ends to a molecule. Water is a common polar compound
Nonpolar covalent bonding - ANSWER evenly shared electrons; CO2, hydrocarbons in cell membrane
Hydrogen covalent bonding - ANSWER forms between polar molecules. Attraction between partially
positive hydrogen atoms and the partially negative end of another polar covalent molecule; "rungs" of
DNA molecule
Water - ANSWER Has properties due to its covalent bond
High specific heat capacity - ANSWER Amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1 degree Celsius. Water's value is extremely high due to energy needed to break hydrogen
bonds. Contributes to keeping body temperature constant and allows subtle changes in temperature
High heat of vaporization - ANSWER Heat required for release of molecules from a liquid phase into a
gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance. Water's value very high due to hydrogen bonding. Sweating
cools body, excess heat dissipated as water evaporates
