NBME CBSE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025-2026 LATEST EDITION.
Type |II |pneumocytes |- |ANS |-surfactant |(*lecithin*)
Proliferate |after |injury
Type |I |progenitors
*Neonatal |Respiratory |Distress |Syndrome*
Polio |live |v |killed |vaccine |- |ANS |-Killed |= |Salk |= |IgG |
Live |= |Sabin |= |IgG |+ |IgA
- |can |be |shed |in |feces
Neonatal |Respiratory |Distress: |
Etiology |+ |Tx |- |ANS |-Maternal |DM |(*high |insulin*) |
or |C-section |(*low |cortisol*)
TX: |*dexamethasone* |before |birth
Lung |maturity |determined |with |- |ANS |-Amniocentesis |of |Phospholipids |(*type |II |pneumocytes)
L |>> |S
Type |I |pneumocytes |- |ANS |-Squamous |gas |diffusion
,Elastase |in |lungs |- |ANS |-macrophage: |*lysosomes*
PMN: |*azuronphilic |granules*
Elastin |stretches |and |recoils |due |to |- |ANS |-Lysine |interchain |crosslinks
air |pressure |and |
intrapleural |pressure |at |FRC |- |ANS |-Air |pressure |= |0
Intrapleural |pressure |= |-5
Pulm |Vasc |Resistance |is |lowest |during |- |ANS |-Exhale |of |Tidal |Volume
Lung |Compliance |is |decreased |by |- |ANS |-LHF, |pulmonary |edema, |
pulmonary |fibrosis
Lung |Compliance |is |increased |by |- |ANS |-emphysema, |age
Obesity |affects |ERV |and |FRC |- |ANS |-DECREASE |
ERV |& |FRC
Blood |flow/min |(pulmonary |v |systemic) |- |ANS |-pulmonary |= |systemic
Anatomic |pulmonary |shunting |- |ANS |-Bronchial |circulation |causes |
*decreased |PO2 |in |LA/LV*
than |in |pulmonary |capillaries
More |ventilation |is |at |the |- |ANS |-BASE
,O2-Hgb |dissociation |LEFT |shift |- |ANS |-basic, |cold, |low |2,3 |BPG |
low |pO2 |(compensatory |erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb |dissociation |RIGHT |shift |- |ANS |-low |pH, |high |2,3BPG, |high |T
HOT, |ACIDIC
CO2 |transport |to |lungs |- |ANS |-*carbonic |anhydrase*
Cl |shift
*Haldane*: |CO2 |released |to |lung
(*Bohr*: |O2 |release |to |tissue)
CO |poisoning |causes |- |ANS |-carboxyhemoglobin |
no |affect |on |PaO2
Cyanide |poisoning |causes |- |ANS |-lactic |acidosis
How |to |treat |cyanide |poisoning |- |ANS |-*Amyl |nitrite* |--> |Methemoglobin
THEN |*Thiosulfate* |(hydroxycobalamin)
Normal |A-a |gradient |- |ANS |-5-15
Hypoventilation: |Heroin |OD |or |high |altitude
Increased |A-a |gradient |- |ANS |-*Diffusion |impairment* |(fibrosis)
*R-L |shunt* |(aspiration, |ARDS)
, *V/Q |mismatch* |(pulmonary |edema
AT |--> |AT |II |
where |and |how |- |ANS |-ACE |
(- |high |in |sarcoidosis)
In |small |pulmonary |bV
C5a |induces |what |- |ANS |-PMN |influx |(ie: |in |lungs)
Korotkoff |sound |- |ANS |-BP |cuff |- |appear |and |disappear |
in |inflation/deflation
Pulsus |Paradoxus |- |ANS |-10mmHg |difference |in |
Korotkoff |sound
Pulsus |Paradoxus |occurs |in |- |ANS |-Cardiac |Tamponade
Kussmaul |sign |- |ANS |-JVP |rises |*during |inspiration*
Constrictive |Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial |Lung |Disease: |
A-a, |FVC, |FEV1, |EFR |- |ANS |-Airway |widening |due |to |*radial |traction* |from |fibrosis
*increase |Aa*
decreased |FVC |& |FEV1
*Increased |EFR*
ANSWERS 2025-2026 LATEST EDITION.
Type |II |pneumocytes |- |ANS |-surfactant |(*lecithin*)
Proliferate |after |injury
Type |I |progenitors
*Neonatal |Respiratory |Distress |Syndrome*
Polio |live |v |killed |vaccine |- |ANS |-Killed |= |Salk |= |IgG |
Live |= |Sabin |= |IgG |+ |IgA
- |can |be |shed |in |feces
Neonatal |Respiratory |Distress: |
Etiology |+ |Tx |- |ANS |-Maternal |DM |(*high |insulin*) |
or |C-section |(*low |cortisol*)
TX: |*dexamethasone* |before |birth
Lung |maturity |determined |with |- |ANS |-Amniocentesis |of |Phospholipids |(*type |II |pneumocytes)
L |>> |S
Type |I |pneumocytes |- |ANS |-Squamous |gas |diffusion
,Elastase |in |lungs |- |ANS |-macrophage: |*lysosomes*
PMN: |*azuronphilic |granules*
Elastin |stretches |and |recoils |due |to |- |ANS |-Lysine |interchain |crosslinks
air |pressure |and |
intrapleural |pressure |at |FRC |- |ANS |-Air |pressure |= |0
Intrapleural |pressure |= |-5
Pulm |Vasc |Resistance |is |lowest |during |- |ANS |-Exhale |of |Tidal |Volume
Lung |Compliance |is |decreased |by |- |ANS |-LHF, |pulmonary |edema, |
pulmonary |fibrosis
Lung |Compliance |is |increased |by |- |ANS |-emphysema, |age
Obesity |affects |ERV |and |FRC |- |ANS |-DECREASE |
ERV |& |FRC
Blood |flow/min |(pulmonary |v |systemic) |- |ANS |-pulmonary |= |systemic
Anatomic |pulmonary |shunting |- |ANS |-Bronchial |circulation |causes |
*decreased |PO2 |in |LA/LV*
than |in |pulmonary |capillaries
More |ventilation |is |at |the |- |ANS |-BASE
,O2-Hgb |dissociation |LEFT |shift |- |ANS |-basic, |cold, |low |2,3 |BPG |
low |pO2 |(compensatory |erythrocytosis)
O2-Hgb |dissociation |RIGHT |shift |- |ANS |-low |pH, |high |2,3BPG, |high |T
HOT, |ACIDIC
CO2 |transport |to |lungs |- |ANS |-*carbonic |anhydrase*
Cl |shift
*Haldane*: |CO2 |released |to |lung
(*Bohr*: |O2 |release |to |tissue)
CO |poisoning |causes |- |ANS |-carboxyhemoglobin |
no |affect |on |PaO2
Cyanide |poisoning |causes |- |ANS |-lactic |acidosis
How |to |treat |cyanide |poisoning |- |ANS |-*Amyl |nitrite* |--> |Methemoglobin
THEN |*Thiosulfate* |(hydroxycobalamin)
Normal |A-a |gradient |- |ANS |-5-15
Hypoventilation: |Heroin |OD |or |high |altitude
Increased |A-a |gradient |- |ANS |-*Diffusion |impairment* |(fibrosis)
*R-L |shunt* |(aspiration, |ARDS)
, *V/Q |mismatch* |(pulmonary |edema
AT |--> |AT |II |
where |and |how |- |ANS |-ACE |
(- |high |in |sarcoidosis)
In |small |pulmonary |bV
C5a |induces |what |- |ANS |-PMN |influx |(ie: |in |lungs)
Korotkoff |sound |- |ANS |-BP |cuff |- |appear |and |disappear |
in |inflation/deflation
Pulsus |Paradoxus |- |ANS |-10mmHg |difference |in |
Korotkoff |sound
Pulsus |Paradoxus |occurs |in |- |ANS |-Cardiac |Tamponade
Kussmaul |sign |- |ANS |-JVP |rises |*during |inspiration*
Constrictive |Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial |Lung |Disease: |
A-a, |FVC, |FEV1, |EFR |- |ANS |-Airway |widening |due |to |*radial |traction* |from |fibrosis
*increase |Aa*
decreased |FVC |& |FEV1
*Increased |EFR*
