NUTR 430 Midterm 2025

Describe the primary goal of the practice of community and public health nutrition. - Correct Answer-Health promotion and disease prevention, wellness Define the concepts of health promotion and wellness. - Correct Answer-Health promotion-the process of enabling people to achieve their maximum potential for good health Wellness- an optimal state of health. It concerns a person's individual health physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually and also their role in society and fulfilling expectations in their family, community, place of worship, workplace and environment. Define determinants of health. Describe how determinants of health can impact nutritional status - Correct Answer-Biology and genetics: sex, race, age, other hereditary factors Lifestyle: physical activity , diet, hobbies, drugs, alcohol, hygiene Living, working, and social conditions: housing, education, job, income, access to health services and nutritious foods Community Conditions: Climate and geography, water supply, social services, politics, built environment Background Conditions: national food and nutrition policy, national minimum wage, cultural beliefs and values, media messages Define the concept of "public health". Explain factors that impact the targets of public health programming over time. - Correct Answer-Public health: The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community efforts Preventing disease, health promotion Heath can change due to Biology, lifestyle, and background conditions Biology - genetics, family history Environment - living, social, working, community, background, air quality Lifestyle - eat, smoke, exercise Primary risk factors for disease involve obesity nowadays Describe the concept of community nutrition intervention. - Correct Answer-An intervention is a planned activity that is targeted to change behavior in a certain group of people. The goal is health promotion and disease prevention Describe three basic objectives, strategies, and desired outcomes of community nutrition interventions. - Correct Answer-Building awareness- we want to raise awareness of the issue Changing behaviors-we want to change the behavior of those affected by the issue Creating supportive environments- we want to be supportive to allow for change NURS430 NURS430 Differentiate between the three "levels" of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary). - Correct Answer-Primary- health promotion, intervene prior to the onset of disease. The purpose is to improve quality of life, social and personal productivity, reduce burden on society Ex: taxes on soda, fortification of foods, Silver sneakers club, education, minimum requirements for exercise Secondary- primary medical care. Typically includes a screening component, such as mammograms when there are no visible symptoms Ex: child obesity - nutrition classes, required exercise, fitness gram and biometric screening, reaching out to parents, classes on how to manage diabetes, obesity and weight loss. Tertiary- disease management to reduce co-morbidities or early mortality. Ex: I have this disease, what steps can I take now? Managing diabetes, etc Describe the three "targets" of community nutrition interventions (individuals, communities, systems). Describe advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. - Correct Answer-Individuals (individual or personal-based prevention) - one person or a very small group of people. Advantage: can be tailored to the needs of that person(s). Disadvantage: cannot reach a broad net, or impact lots Communities (community-based prevention) - group of people, neighborhood, city, town, district Advantage: can impact more people, you are more likely to capture those people who are at risk. In terms of numbers, you can have a greater impact. Can change social norms, change how people see diet and food companies. Disadvantage: As your groups get larger, it is more difficult to tailor, it may not be cost effective if not that many people are affected by it. Systems (policy-based prevention) - look at systems that serve those groups of people to base approaches Advantage: Disadvantage: Describe and give examples of the three core responsibilities of community/public health nutrition professionals. - Correct Answer-Assessment- requires that you collect data for meaning. Purpose is to identify problems, groups at high risks Ex: collecting data! surveys Policy and program development- move and tax, how do we find a solution Ex: we can tax to lower rates of obesity, or we can spotlight an issue - fortification of foods is mandated Assurance-means that we are actually implementing the programs, evaluating whether our programs or policies are being effective program evaluation Ex: program evaluation- surveys that measure your outcomes Define the concept of evidence-based practice. Explain components of the evidence based process and identify sources of evidence-based guidelines. - Correct Answer NURS430 NURS430 Evidence based science is when decisions about interventions are based on science, while considering population preference and needs and professional experience Requires that you formulate a good question, needs to be precise and relevant Find Relevant research Evaluate levels and quality of evidence Evaluate totality of evidence PICO Problem- obesity, children, elderly Intervention- nutrition education, community grade Comparison- compared to the intervention, the alternative Outcome- what is being measured, what do you want to accomplish Sources include: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Guideline Clearinghouse Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity (DNPAO) USDA Nutrition Evidence Library (NEL) Describe the concept of community needs assessment and the purpose of conducting community needs assessment. Identify circumstances that would prompt/trigger a community needs assessment. - Correct Answer-Its is an ongoing process, designing and implementing intervention. Needs are the gap between what is and what should be, helps us understand how individuals live and how policies affect them Community Needs Assessment is described as the following: Evaluating health and nutrition status of community Identifying community resources and communities' capacity to promote the public health And considers community "wants" What triggers needs assessment? Community understanding- helps us understand community and current conditions Generate new data- having old information not reflecting current conditions Validate research- national statistics- no data, can't demonstrate need Obtain funding- often needs assessment will precede submitting grant applications Describe the process (steps) involved in conducting a community needs assessment. - Correct Answer-First, define your community, find who is your target population and collect data about your community. Differentiate between a goal and an objective for community assessment. The goal is a broad statement of what the community needs to accomplish Very broad, general and not what we are going to measure The objectives are the steps/activities needed to achieve the goal Very specific, what we are going to measure NURS430 NURS430 Describe sources of data commonly used for community needs assessment. - Correct Answer-Existing data sources : The US census bureau Centers for disease and control Medline Annual reports from hospitals School district's web pages US department of Agriculture (USDA) National center for health statistics (NCHS) If existing data are not available: Screening, health risk appraisals, direct nutrition assessment, surveys, interview key informants, and focus groups Recognize specific types of data (7th ed. tables 4-2, 4-3, 4-4; 6th ed. Tables 2-2, 2-3, 2 4, 2-5). - Correct Answer-Community Organizational Power and Structures Demographic trends Community health Existing Community Services and programs Food Systems Geography and Climate: health systems, housing, recreation, transportation systems, water supply Sociocultural data Economic data and trends Identify advantages and disadvantages of using existing data for needs assessment. - Correct Answer-Advantages: Quick, easy to access, less cost and time, can monitor trends Disadvantages: Indirect indicators of our specific community - state level data, old data Describe types of data that may identify risk factors for nutrition problems in your community/target population. - Correct Answer-Lifestyle factors and factors that affect food selection (individual environment, SES, culture) Describe the most commonly used tools (i.e. 24-hour recall, diet record, FFQ) to assess usual dietary intake in populations, including the strengths and weaknesses of each. - Correct Answer-weaknesses of each. 24 hour recall-ask a respondent everything they ate or drank in the last 24 hours Advantage: It can be easy if recollection is valid Disadvantage: Memory decay we cannot assume good memory and people tend to say they eat more veggies than what they do Diet Records- Write down everything you eat or drink for 3 days Advantages: more days of data if scale used is more accurate. Don't have the issue of memory decay and can be very detailed. Disadvantage: May be more likely to change how they eat Food frequency questionnaire- looking back at how often you eat certain foods Advantage: Self administered. Quicker than a diet record. NURS430 NURS430 Disadvantage: intake if it's not quantitative it's hard to know the nutrient intake and portion sizes, or context Define the concept of the "built environment"; summarize research findings related to its impact on health/nutrition status/outcomes. - Correct Answer-The environmental structures that encourage or discourage healthy eating and physical activity You build an environmental profile of your community by identifying physical and social factors of the environment that may impact dietary intake and physical activity in the community Example: Physical: Encourage or discourage eating behaviors, access to exercise? Walkability- easy to walk places?, green spaces, urban