Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
According to the American Heart Association, physical activity: - ANSWER (*Chapter 38: Activity and
Exercise*)
• Elevates mood and attitude
• Keeps us physically fit
• Helps individuals quit smoking and stay tobacco-free
• Boosts energy level so that individuals can get more done
• Helps in the management of stress
• Promotes a better quality of sleep
• Improves self-image and self-confidence
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) - ANSWER The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a
normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
Deconditioning - ANSWER Physiological change following a period of inactivity, bed rest or sedentary
lifestyle. It results in functional losses in such areas as mental status, degree of continence and ability to
accomplish activities of daily living.
Nature of Movement: *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER Movement is a complex process that requires
coordination between the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
- *Body Mechanics* is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous
systems.
• Knowing how patients initiate movement and understanding your own movements require a basic
grasp of the physics surrounding body mechanics.
Alignment and Balance - ANSWER The terms body alignment and posture are similar and refer to the
positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while standing, sitting, and lying.
,Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
- Disease, injury, pain, physical development, and life changes compromise the ability to remain
balanced. Impaired balance is a major threat to mobility and physical safety and contributes to a fear of
falling and self-imposed activity restrictions.
Gravity and Friction - ANSWER Weight is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The force of weight is
always directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.
- A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated beyond 60 degrees and gravity pulls
the patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of the bed while the skin remains against
the sheets. This leads to disrupted/damaged blood vessels causing skin impairement.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Joints) - ANSWER *Skeletal System*
The skeletal system provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, and the leverages are necessary
for mobility.
- *Joints*
• The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a joint.
• *Fibrous Joints*: Fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement.
• *Cartilaginous Joints*: Have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate to
bony surfaces.
• *Synovial Joints*: Also known as true joints, these are freely movable and the most mobile,
numerous, and anatomically complex joints.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage) - ANSWER *Ligaments*
- Ligamanets are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones
and cartilage. Ligaments connect *bones to other bones*.
*Tendons*
- Tendons are glistening white fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and thicknesses.
Tendons connect *muscles to bones* and are flexible, and inelastic.
*Cartilage*
- Cartilage is nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and the thorax,
trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.
,Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER Skeletal muscle cells have the ability to be
stimulated, or excited, and this can respond to regulatory mechanisms such as nerve signals.
- Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength based on the specific task. The amount of
load placed on a muscle influences the strength of a skeletal muscle.
• Two types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric. *Isotonic contractions* causes the body
to move. *Isometric contractions* are for stabilizing, which causes the body to hold a stable position.
Isotonic Contraction: Concentric and Eccentric - ANSWER - Concentric: When the muscle contracts, it
shortens.
- Eccentric: When the muscle contracts, it lengthens.
Regulation of Movement: Nervous System - ANSWER The nervous system regulates movement and
posture.
- *Proprioception*: A muscle sense that makes us aware of the position of the body and its parts,
including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch.
- Body balance occurs when a person is properly aligned with a relatively low center of gravity balanced
over a wide, stable base of support.
Activity and Exercise - ANSWER Physical activity (PA) is any movement produced by skeletal muscles that
results in energy expenditure.
- Physical exercise is a subset of PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has a final or an
intermediate objective, such as the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.
Principles for Transfer and Positioning - ANSWER *Pathological Influences on Body Alignment, Mobility,
and Activity*
- *Obesity*
• Obesity, a chronic health problem, negatively affects the musculoskeletal system, leading to disability.
This impairs an individual's musculoskeletal health because of the increased weight burden on joints and
muscles. It has been associated with low back pain, gait disturbances, and connective tissue disorders.
, Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Developmental Changes - ANSWER Throughout the life span
the appearance and functioning of the body undergo changes affecting movement.
- A newborn infant's spine is flexed and lacks the anteroposterior curves of an adult.
- A toddler's posture is awkward because of the slight swayback and protruding abdomen
- From 3 Y/O - abdomen, the posture appears less awkward. By adolescence, the musculoskeletal
system continues to grow and develop.
- A middle-aged adult should normally have a full musculoskeletal function.
- A progressive loss of total bone mass occurs in older adults.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Patient Behavior - ANSWER Intrinsic motivation to adhere to
any form of treatment, including an exercise program, is the inherent satisfaction one experiences from
physical activity.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Lifestyle - ANSWER An individual's lifestyle greatly influences
engagement with exercise.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Cultural Background - ANSWER Exercise and physical fitness
are beneficial to all people. However, there are cultural differences regarding the extent to which
people exercise.
- When developing a physical fitness plan, consider their education and beliefs regarding the value of
exercise and their access to resources to exercise.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Environmental Issues - ANSWER - Home and Work Sites
- Schools
- Communities
Critical Thinking *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER Sound clinical judgment is at the core of providing
safe and relevant interventions for improving a patient's activity level and tolerance.
- Integrate knowledge from nursing and other disciplines to understand activity tolerance, movement,
and physical fitness and their effects on patients.
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
According to the American Heart Association, physical activity: - ANSWER (*Chapter 38: Activity and
Exercise*)
• Elevates mood and attitude
• Keeps us physically fit
• Helps individuals quit smoking and stay tobacco-free
• Boosts energy level so that individuals can get more done
• Helps in the management of stress
• Promotes a better quality of sleep
• Improves self-image and self-confidence
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) - ANSWER The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a
normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
Deconditioning - ANSWER Physiological change following a period of inactivity, bed rest or sedentary
lifestyle. It results in functional losses in such areas as mental status, degree of continence and ability to
accomplish activities of daily living.
Nature of Movement: *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER Movement is a complex process that requires
coordination between the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
- *Body Mechanics* is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous
systems.
• Knowing how patients initiate movement and understanding your own movements require a basic
grasp of the physics surrounding body mechanics.
Alignment and Balance - ANSWER The terms body alignment and posture are similar and refer to the
positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while standing, sitting, and lying.
,Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
- Disease, injury, pain, physical development, and life changes compromise the ability to remain
balanced. Impaired balance is a major threat to mobility and physical safety and contributes to a fear of
falling and self-imposed activity restrictions.
Gravity and Friction - ANSWER Weight is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The force of weight is
always directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.
- A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated beyond 60 degrees and gravity pulls
the patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of the bed while the skin remains against
the sheets. This leads to disrupted/damaged blood vessels causing skin impairement.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Joints) - ANSWER *Skeletal System*
The skeletal system provides attachments for muscles and ligaments, and the leverages are necessary
for mobility.
- *Joints*
• The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a joint.
• *Fibrous Joints*: Fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement.
• *Cartilaginous Joints*: Have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate to
bony surfaces.
• *Synovial Joints*: Also known as true joints, these are freely movable and the most mobile,
numerous, and anatomically complex joints.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal System (Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage) - ANSWER *Ligaments*
- Ligamanets are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones
and cartilage. Ligaments connect *bones to other bones*.
*Tendons*
- Tendons are glistening white fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and thicknesses.
Tendons connect *muscles to bones* and are flexible, and inelastic.
*Cartilage*
- Cartilage is nonvascular, supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and the thorax,
trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.
,Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Regulation of Movement: Skeletal Muscle - ANSWER Skeletal muscle cells have the ability to be
stimulated, or excited, and this can respond to regulatory mechanisms such as nerve signals.
- Skeletal muscles contract with varying degrees of strength based on the specific task. The amount of
load placed on a muscle influences the strength of a skeletal muscle.
• Two types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric. *Isotonic contractions* causes the body
to move. *Isometric contractions* are for stabilizing, which causes the body to hold a stable position.
Isotonic Contraction: Concentric and Eccentric - ANSWER - Concentric: When the muscle contracts, it
shortens.
- Eccentric: When the muscle contracts, it lengthens.
Regulation of Movement: Nervous System - ANSWER The nervous system regulates movement and
posture.
- *Proprioception*: A muscle sense that makes us aware of the position of the body and its parts,
including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch.
- Body balance occurs when a person is properly aligned with a relatively low center of gravity balanced
over a wide, stable base of support.
Activity and Exercise - ANSWER Physical activity (PA) is any movement produced by skeletal muscles that
results in energy expenditure.
- Physical exercise is a subset of PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has a final or an
intermediate objective, such as the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.
Principles for Transfer and Positioning - ANSWER *Pathological Influences on Body Alignment, Mobility,
and Activity*
- *Obesity*
• Obesity, a chronic health problem, negatively affects the musculoskeletal system, leading to disability.
This impairs an individual's musculoskeletal health because of the increased weight burden on joints and
muscles. It has been associated with low back pain, gait disturbances, and connective tissue disorders.
, Nursing 204 - Exam 3 Review 223
Correct Solutions rated 100%.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Developmental Changes - ANSWER Throughout the life span
the appearance and functioning of the body undergo changes affecting movement.
- A newborn infant's spine is flexed and lacks the anteroposterior curves of an adult.
- A toddler's posture is awkward because of the slight swayback and protruding abdomen
- From 3 Y/O - abdomen, the posture appears less awkward. By adolescence, the musculoskeletal
system continues to grow and develop.
- A middle-aged adult should normally have a full musculoskeletal function.
- A progressive loss of total bone mass occurs in older adults.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Patient Behavior - ANSWER Intrinsic motivation to adhere to
any form of treatment, including an exercise program, is the inherent satisfaction one experiences from
physical activity.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Lifestyle - ANSWER An individual's lifestyle greatly influences
engagement with exercise.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Cultural Background - ANSWER Exercise and physical fitness
are beneficial to all people. However, there are cultural differences regarding the extent to which
people exercise.
- When developing a physical fitness plan, consider their education and beliefs regarding the value of
exercise and their access to resources to exercise.
Factors Influencing Activity and Exercise: Environmental Issues - ANSWER - Home and Work Sites
- Schools
- Communities
Critical Thinking *Activity and Exercise* - ANSWER Sound clinical judgment is at the core of providing
safe and relevant interventions for improving a patient's activity level and tolerance.
- Integrate knowledge from nursing and other disciplines to understand activity tolerance, movement,
and physical fitness and their effects on patients.
