WGU C909 Foundational Knowledge of Literacy Development Exam 2025

Cognitive-constructivist view of reading emphasizes... - Correct Answer-that reading is a process in which the reader actively searches for meaning in what he reads, making connections between ideas in the text and integrating this info with prior knowledge Define cognitive psychology - Correct Answer-the learner is an active participant who act on (not just respond to) their external environment as they learn. Define constructivism - Correct Answer-the meaning that someone constructs from a text is subjective to the sum of their experience and intellectual makeup. this causes each reader to construct a unique interpretation of the same text. Define automaticity - Correct Answer-the act of recognizing words and assigning meaning to the words automatically so we can constructing the meaning of sentences and larger units, and relating the information from the text to information we already have. What are the different parts of the comprehension process? - Correct Answer construction integration metacognition Define the construction-integration model of comprehension - Correct Answer-Step 1: construction - comprehending and linking sentences together using vocabulary and syntax Step 2: integration - using prior knowledge to understand the meaning of the text Step 3: metacognition - the process of self-reflection to ensure comprehension and the ability to adjust reading strategies when comprehension is weak Define schema theory - Correct Answer-knowledge is organized into structures called schema based on the knowledge we currently posses. These schemata constantly evolve when new information is learned What are common strategies for comprehension in the construction process? - Correct Answer-set a purpose for reading preview a text predict activate prior knowledge monitor and clarify C909 C909 create visual representation of text draw inferences self-question summarize or retell What term is used interchangeably with "strategies" - Correct Answer-comprehension skills What are the strategies unique to internet reading? - Correct Answer-defining the problem using key word search terms determining information's trustworthiness deciding on the usefulness of information integrating information from multiple sites Define the New Criticism theory - Correct Answer-the meaning is in the text and the readers' task is to find and interpret the text efine the Reader-response theory - Correct Answer-the meaning one gains from text is the result of a transaction between the reader and the text, with readers having a range of responses to a literary work What are the two types of reading according to Rosenblatt? - Correct Answer efferent/informational aesthetic Define sociocultural theory - Correct Answer-Learning is primarily a social matter as opposed to an individual matter. This pertains to SOCIAL and CULTURAL backgrounds, GROUP learning, and the various COMMUNITIES of students. define proactive teaching - Correct Answer-deliberately showing students how to do something before expecting them to do it themselves Define reactive teaching - Correct Answer-asking students to do something and then showing them how only when they struggle Define the zone of proximal development - Correct Answer-the range within which a student can learn, starting at what they can do with assistance from a more knowledgeable other and ending at what they can complete independently What is the gradual release of responsability? - Correct Answer-1. direct explanation 2. cognitive modeling 3. scaffolding 4. contextualized review and practice C909 C909 What must be provided in direct explanation? - Correct Answer-an explicit description of the strategy an explanation of the process for executing the strategy clear statements about why the strategy is important and when to use it modeling of the strategy with multiple pieces of text define cognitive modeling - Correct Answer-teachers use explicit instructional talk to reveal their thought process as they complete a task used after direct explanation and whenever students need greater understanding define scaffolding - Correct Answer-slowly giving students more independence while completing a task as they gain understanding and confidence define contextualizing review and practice - Correct Answer-providing students with many opportunities to use the strategy in authentic contexts Who is Willhelm Wundt? - Correct Answer-psychologist who started the first psychology laboratory in 1879 in Germany Who is Jean Piaget? - Correct Answer-psychologist who theorized the four stages of cognitive development What are the four stages of cognitive development? - Correct Answer-sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational What is the sensorimotor stage? - Correct Answer-the stage of development that focuses on exploration through the senses, lasting until around age 2 What is the preoperational stage? - Correct Answer-the stage when a child begins to develop language and thinking skills, lasting from age 2 to 7 What is the concrete operational stage? - Correct Answer-the stage that involves the development of logical thinking and seeing the world in relation to others (not just themselves), lasting from age 7 to 12 What is the formal operational stage? - Correct Answer-the stage that children begin to develop both logical and abstract thinking, lasting from age 12 into adulthood What are the three major concepts involved with changing ingrained schemes? - Correct Answer-assimilation accommodation equilibration C909 C909 define assimilation - Correct Answer-when a person perceives a new object in terms of existing knowledge define accommodation - Correct Answer-when a person modifies existing cognitive structures based on new information define equilibration - Correct Answer-when assimilation and accommodation are both used to absorb new information Who is Lev Vygotsky? - Correct Answer-psychologist who believed learning was the result of guided social interactions between children and their peers and mentors What are the two factors that are critical to motivate students? - Correct Answer-Value - measures the importance of a student's work to himself and others. Effort - the amount of time and energy students put into their work. From whose work did the sociocultural theory grow? - Correct Answer-the work of Lev Vygosty How are Vygotsky's and Piaget's theories different? - Correct Answer-Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on social factors and believed that development can differ between cultures, whereas Piaget believed development to be universal What are the four developmental phases of learning to read words? - Correct Answer pre-alphabetic partial alphabetic full alphabetic consolidated alphabetic define the pre-alphabetic phase - Correct Answer-using visual cues to recognize words i.e., look has 2 o's that look like glasses camel has an m that looks like humps define the partial alphabetic phase - Correct Answer-when a child begins to learn letter sound correspondences and use this to form partial connections between letters and sounds i.e., the words 'kitten' and 'kitchen' would be identified as the same word define the full alphabetic phase - Correct Answer-when children have a well developed knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and have formed complete connections between letters and sounds in words and word meaning C909 C909 i.e., connections between the letters s, p, oo, and n would be formed and used to read the word spoon define the consolidated alphabetic phase - Correct Answer-when children can consolidate the letter patterns they see across words into larger units i.e., a student can recognize the similarities in the words nest, pest, best, rest, and test, establishing the unit 'est' What are the 5 stages of readers? - Correct Answer-pre-e