PSIO 305 EXAM 3 – QUIZZES QUESTIONS
Which of the following statement is true?
-PTSD is entirely genetically determined
-Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins have the same concordance for PTSD
-People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
-Early childhood experience does not confer PTSD susceptability
-None of above is true - Answers :People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely
to develop PTSD
* In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced, Low cortisol
level before or shortly after the traumatic event is predictive of
subsequent PTSD.
-Monozygotic twins to have significantly higher concordance for PTSD than dizygotic
twins—>estimated 30% heritability.
Which of the following types of cells can perform phagocytosis?
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
-Schwann cells
-Astrocytes
-Motor neurons - Answers :-Microglia
*Function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances.
• Protect the CNS from foreign matter through
phagocytosis, clearing out bacteria or dead/ injured cells.
• Secrete cytokines to modulate brain functions.
• Protect the CNS from oxidative stress.
Which of the following is a mixed (i.e., sensory and motor) cranial nerve?
-Vestibulocochlear
-Optic
-Vagus
-Olfactory
-Accessory - Answers :-Vagus
Which of the following is incorrect for vagal nerve?
-Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
-Contain both somatic and visceral nerve fibers
-Projects to nucleus of solitary tract
-Can sense immune responses
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor - Answers :-Is activated a few
seconds after encounter of a stressor
The process in which a mouse learns to navigate a water maze to find a hidden platform
and escape water is
,-procedure learning
-classical conditioning
-sensitization
-operant conditioning
-habituation - Answers :operant conditioning
*association of a behavior with a stimulus/outcome
-Classical/Pavlovian conditioning: association of two stimuli—dogs associate footsteps
with food
-sensitization: enhanced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
repeated exposure to trauma lead to PTSD
-Habituation: reduced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
getting used to loud sounds.
Lesions to anterior cingulate cortex will impair which one of the follow
-recent context-conditioned fear
-cue-conditoined fear
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-remote context-conditioned fear
-all of above - Answers :-remote context-conditioned fear
*Remote (years ago), but not recent, context-conditioned fear, Cingulate Cortex
Stores remote memory of the context Is activated during fear extinction.
Amygdala is NOT required for
-expression of learned fear response
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-context-conditioned fear
-facilitation of memory of emotionally charged events
-cue conditoined fear - Answers :innate fear induced by suffocation
*Patient S.M.- Had exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late
childhood due to a genetic condition.
No fear in response to external fear-inducing situations (learned?). Greater fear and
panic attack in response to suffocation (innate?). Normal consolidation for emotionally
neutral memory.
-Amygdala Lesions Abolish Both Context- and Cue-Conditioned Fear
The ultimate goal of physiological stress response is to
-Remember the stressful event
-Run away from the stressor
-Fight with the stressor
-Remain alert for threat
-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis - Answers :-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis
*Allostasis is the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to maintain
or regain homeostasis.
During early phases of acute stress, activity increases in the following systems except
-HPA axis
, -Parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
-Cadiovascular
-Respiratory - Answers :-Parasympathetic
Which of the following statement is true about Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
a. SNS does not affect skeleton muscle function
b. SNS causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
c. SNS causes vasodilation to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
d. SNS influence skeleton muscle function by stimulating glycogenolysis
e. c and d - Answers :e. c and d
*SNS causes
-Heart rate increase, vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention lead to higher blood
pressure and better blood circulation.
- Glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and lipolysis make more nutrients available.
- Bronchial dilation results in more oxygen intake.
- Pupil dilation allows more sensory information to be sent to the brain.
- Reduced digestion and bladder relaxation direct resources and attention to the
stressor.
- Increased blood flow to skeleton muscle
Which of the following statement is NOT true about PTSD?
-CRH level is high
-Cortisol level is high
-Blood NE level is high
-Blood E level is high
-All of above are true - Answers :-Cortisol level is high
*In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced.
During acute stress, which of the following system is activated first?
-Cadiovascular
-Parasympathetic
-HPA axis
-Sympathetic
-Respiratory - Answers :-Sympathetic
*1) Sympathetic activation within 2-3 seconds
2) Activation of adrenal medulla in 20-30 seconds
3) HPA axis activation in minutes, hours or days
Adrenalectomy
-enhances CRH release
-enhances ACTH release
-enhances sympathetic activity
-disinhibits the immune system
-All of above - Answers :-All of above
Adrenalectomy (ADX), which removes cortisol release, increases sympathetic activity
Which of the following statement is true?
-PTSD is entirely genetically determined
-Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins have the same concordance for PTSD
-People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
-Early childhood experience does not confer PTSD susceptability
-None of above is true - Answers :People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely
to develop PTSD
* In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced, Low cortisol
level before or shortly after the traumatic event is predictive of
subsequent PTSD.
-Monozygotic twins to have significantly higher concordance for PTSD than dizygotic
twins—>estimated 30% heritability.
Which of the following types of cells can perform phagocytosis?
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
-Schwann cells
-Astrocytes
-Motor neurons - Answers :-Microglia
*Function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances.
• Protect the CNS from foreign matter through
phagocytosis, clearing out bacteria or dead/ injured cells.
• Secrete cytokines to modulate brain functions.
• Protect the CNS from oxidative stress.
Which of the following is a mixed (i.e., sensory and motor) cranial nerve?
-Vestibulocochlear
-Optic
-Vagus
-Olfactory
-Accessory - Answers :-Vagus
Which of the following is incorrect for vagal nerve?
-Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
-Contain both somatic and visceral nerve fibers
-Projects to nucleus of solitary tract
-Can sense immune responses
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor - Answers :-Is activated a few
seconds after encounter of a stressor
The process in which a mouse learns to navigate a water maze to find a hidden platform
and escape water is
,-procedure learning
-classical conditioning
-sensitization
-operant conditioning
-habituation - Answers :operant conditioning
*association of a behavior with a stimulus/outcome
-Classical/Pavlovian conditioning: association of two stimuli—dogs associate footsteps
with food
-sensitization: enhanced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
repeated exposure to trauma lead to PTSD
-Habituation: reduced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
getting used to loud sounds.
Lesions to anterior cingulate cortex will impair which one of the follow
-recent context-conditioned fear
-cue-conditoined fear
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-remote context-conditioned fear
-all of above - Answers :-remote context-conditioned fear
*Remote (years ago), but not recent, context-conditioned fear, Cingulate Cortex
Stores remote memory of the context Is activated during fear extinction.
Amygdala is NOT required for
-expression of learned fear response
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-context-conditioned fear
-facilitation of memory of emotionally charged events
-cue conditoined fear - Answers :innate fear induced by suffocation
*Patient S.M.- Had exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late
childhood due to a genetic condition.
No fear in response to external fear-inducing situations (learned?). Greater fear and
panic attack in response to suffocation (innate?). Normal consolidation for emotionally
neutral memory.
-Amygdala Lesions Abolish Both Context- and Cue-Conditioned Fear
The ultimate goal of physiological stress response is to
-Remember the stressful event
-Run away from the stressor
-Fight with the stressor
-Remain alert for threat
-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis - Answers :-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis
*Allostasis is the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to maintain
or regain homeostasis.
During early phases of acute stress, activity increases in the following systems except
-HPA axis
, -Parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
-Cadiovascular
-Respiratory - Answers :-Parasympathetic
Which of the following statement is true about Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
a. SNS does not affect skeleton muscle function
b. SNS causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
c. SNS causes vasodilation to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
d. SNS influence skeleton muscle function by stimulating glycogenolysis
e. c and d - Answers :e. c and d
*SNS causes
-Heart rate increase, vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention lead to higher blood
pressure and better blood circulation.
- Glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and lipolysis make more nutrients available.
- Bronchial dilation results in more oxygen intake.
- Pupil dilation allows more sensory information to be sent to the brain.
- Reduced digestion and bladder relaxation direct resources and attention to the
stressor.
- Increased blood flow to skeleton muscle
Which of the following statement is NOT true about PTSD?
-CRH level is high
-Cortisol level is high
-Blood NE level is high
-Blood E level is high
-All of above are true - Answers :-Cortisol level is high
*In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced.
During acute stress, which of the following system is activated first?
-Cadiovascular
-Parasympathetic
-HPA axis
-Sympathetic
-Respiratory - Answers :-Sympathetic
*1) Sympathetic activation within 2-3 seconds
2) Activation of adrenal medulla in 20-30 seconds
3) HPA axis activation in minutes, hours or days
Adrenalectomy
-enhances CRH release
-enhances ACTH release
-enhances sympathetic activity
-disinhibits the immune system
-All of above - Answers :-All of above
Adrenalectomy (ADX), which removes cortisol release, increases sympathetic activity
