PSIO 305 EXAM 1QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Systemic Communication - Answers :Prompts cells, organs, and systems to DO
something
- Involves:
1. Response to momentary stimulus or demand
2. Can be acute or short term
3. May be integrated by a system response
4. Support (Nutrition)
5. Coordinate/promote cell growth (proliferation)
6. Coordinate/promote cell differentiation
7. Maintenance of cell and tissue functions
- these are longer lasting, slow acting effects
WHY:
- to maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answers :Loss of bone and muscle occurs in parallel
- other systems are affected
- deficit in muscle protein dystrophin
BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) - Answers :- increased release w/ inc.
exercise
- dec. BDNF levels assc. w/ DM II, obesity, heart problems, etc.
- produced in the brain and muscle
Trophic Factors (TF) - Answers :- promotes cell growth and differentiation
- long term or longer effects
- robust phenomenon
- sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology and nutrition
Physiological Effects of Intense Exercise - Answers :1. Confusion - CNS
2. Fatigue (Digestion, Endocrine, Nervous Sys)
3. Endurance (Muscular, Cardio, Endocrine)
4. Stress (SNS, Endocrine)
5. Dehydration (Renal, Skin, Resp, Cardio)
Causes of Inc. BMD (Bone Mineral Density) - Answers :1. Inc. impact (mechanical -
biggest player)
2. inc. neural input (elec. or chem.)
3. inc. activity or contraction (elec. or chem.)
***BMD differs among athletes based on the activity they perform
THM: Use it or lose it
Trophic Interactions (Diff. Inputs) - Answers :1. Neural Input:
,- Contributors, Intensity, Frequency, Chemical Signals
2. Muscle Activity
- Intensity, Frequency/Duration, Fiber Types, Length
3. Mechanical Loading
- Stress/Strain on bone + connective tissue, Fluid shifts, Altered signaling
Motor Control Overview - Answers :- starting pt: joint and body position (Sensory Info
input)
- specifics (mov't): which muscles (speed, strength, direction) (higher centers make a
plan)
- when and where to stop(send signals to muscles)
Glial Cells - Answers :- 10x the # of neurons
- work supportively and in insulation
- types of neuroglia
1. Schwann Cells and Myelin (PNS)
2. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- Regulation of the Env. thru
- Ion channels and Transporters
- Regulation of Growth
- via release of glia derived growth factor
Indicating Location/Strength of Sensory Input - Answers :- Primary Sensory Cortex:
somatotropic organization of sensory input
- Homonuclues indicates relative sensitivity of body parts
- IE : specified target area receiving input
- if input changes size of target may change
- Intensity of Stimulus:
1. Rate Coding - AP freq. proportional to stimulus intenstiy
- greater open time or distortion of channel
- greater ion flux or voltage change
- inc. in potential for reaching threshold
- inc. # of AP's
2. Pattern Coding
- pattern indicates type of stimulus and responsiveness of the sensory reception
Motor Planning Committee - Answers :1. Frontal Lobe
- Association Cortex (Prefrontal Area)
(involved in very early formulation of the mov't plan)
- Primary Motor Cortex (loc in Prefrontal Gyrus)
2. Parietal Lobe
- Primary Sensory Cortex
- Association Cortex
(integrates info from many parts of the body to give a sense of the "whole body")
3. Cerebellum
, - 50% of neurons loc here
4. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Primary Motor Cortex - Answers :- relays final mov't plan to spinal cord to activate the
req motor units and muscles
- contain distinct axon called pyramidal cell
- axon spans all 6 cortex layers, stretches from cortex to spinal cord
- innervates motor neurons and interneurons
Primary Sensory Cortex - Answers :- receives somatotopically arranged sensory info
- takes in all propriceptive signals
- all sensory stimuli travel here before going to other brain regions for
processing/response
Cerebellum - Answers :- input from stippled parts of brain inv. in mov't & balance, motor
learning, coordination, and termination of movement segments
- receives input from primary motor/sensory cortices about mov't planning
- receives input from spinal cord/ also projects into spinal cord
- monitors mov't and makes corrections as needed
Divisions:
1. Spinocerebellum: motor execution
- contains descending tracts to the spinal cord
2. Cerebrocerebellum: motor planning
- connects to premotor cortices
3. Vestibulocerebellum: receive sensory input from vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
- involved in equilibrium, balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) - Answers :- collection of nuclei involved in initiation of
movement, learning & choice of movement repertoires, as well as in memory tasks.
(This is the primary site of dysfunction/etiology for Parkinson's disease - with loss of
dopaminergic neurons resulting in difficulty starting movements as well as tremor or
unwanted movements at rest)
- contain several diff nuclei tracts
- receives info from the entire cortex (NOT just certain regions)
- involved in decision making, emotion, eye mov't
- NO connections to spinal cord or descending tracts
Inhibitory/Excitatory Pathways (Ganglia) - Answers :1. Direct Pathway (stim. Thalamus
for mov't)
- inhibits rel of GABA which inhibits Thalamus
- stops inhibitory signal
2. Indirect Pathway (inhibits Thalamus mov't input)
- stim rel of GABA -> inhibit Thalamus
** balance btwn pathways = balanced, coordinated mov't
Systemic Communication - Answers :Prompts cells, organs, and systems to DO
something
- Involves:
1. Response to momentary stimulus or demand
2. Can be acute or short term
3. May be integrated by a system response
4. Support (Nutrition)
5. Coordinate/promote cell growth (proliferation)
6. Coordinate/promote cell differentiation
7. Maintenance of cell and tissue functions
- these are longer lasting, slow acting effects
WHY:
- to maintain homeostasis of critical physiological processes
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Answers :Loss of bone and muscle occurs in parallel
- other systems are affected
- deficit in muscle protein dystrophin
BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) - Answers :- increased release w/ inc.
exercise
- dec. BDNF levels assc. w/ DM II, obesity, heart problems, etc.
- produced in the brain and muscle
Trophic Factors (TF) - Answers :- promotes cell growth and differentiation
- long term or longer effects
- robust phenomenon
- sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology and nutrition
Physiological Effects of Intense Exercise - Answers :1. Confusion - CNS
2. Fatigue (Digestion, Endocrine, Nervous Sys)
3. Endurance (Muscular, Cardio, Endocrine)
4. Stress (SNS, Endocrine)
5. Dehydration (Renal, Skin, Resp, Cardio)
Causes of Inc. BMD (Bone Mineral Density) - Answers :1. Inc. impact (mechanical -
biggest player)
2. inc. neural input (elec. or chem.)
3. inc. activity or contraction (elec. or chem.)
***BMD differs among athletes based on the activity they perform
THM: Use it or lose it
Trophic Interactions (Diff. Inputs) - Answers :1. Neural Input:
,- Contributors, Intensity, Frequency, Chemical Signals
2. Muscle Activity
- Intensity, Frequency/Duration, Fiber Types, Length
3. Mechanical Loading
- Stress/Strain on bone + connective tissue, Fluid shifts, Altered signaling
Motor Control Overview - Answers :- starting pt: joint and body position (Sensory Info
input)
- specifics (mov't): which muscles (speed, strength, direction) (higher centers make a
plan)
- when and where to stop(send signals to muscles)
Glial Cells - Answers :- 10x the # of neurons
- work supportively and in insulation
- types of neuroglia
1. Schwann Cells and Myelin (PNS)
2. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- Regulation of the Env. thru
- Ion channels and Transporters
- Regulation of Growth
- via release of glia derived growth factor
Indicating Location/Strength of Sensory Input - Answers :- Primary Sensory Cortex:
somatotropic organization of sensory input
- Homonuclues indicates relative sensitivity of body parts
- IE : specified target area receiving input
- if input changes size of target may change
- Intensity of Stimulus:
1. Rate Coding - AP freq. proportional to stimulus intenstiy
- greater open time or distortion of channel
- greater ion flux or voltage change
- inc. in potential for reaching threshold
- inc. # of AP's
2. Pattern Coding
- pattern indicates type of stimulus and responsiveness of the sensory reception
Motor Planning Committee - Answers :1. Frontal Lobe
- Association Cortex (Prefrontal Area)
(involved in very early formulation of the mov't plan)
- Primary Motor Cortex (loc in Prefrontal Gyrus)
2. Parietal Lobe
- Primary Sensory Cortex
- Association Cortex
(integrates info from many parts of the body to give a sense of the "whole body")
3. Cerebellum
, - 50% of neurons loc here
4. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Primary Motor Cortex - Answers :- relays final mov't plan to spinal cord to activate the
req motor units and muscles
- contain distinct axon called pyramidal cell
- axon spans all 6 cortex layers, stretches from cortex to spinal cord
- innervates motor neurons and interneurons
Primary Sensory Cortex - Answers :- receives somatotopically arranged sensory info
- takes in all propriceptive signals
- all sensory stimuli travel here before going to other brain regions for
processing/response
Cerebellum - Answers :- input from stippled parts of brain inv. in mov't & balance, motor
learning, coordination, and termination of movement segments
- receives input from primary motor/sensory cortices about mov't planning
- receives input from spinal cord/ also projects into spinal cord
- monitors mov't and makes corrections as needed
Divisions:
1. Spinocerebellum: motor execution
- contains descending tracts to the spinal cord
2. Cerebrocerebellum: motor planning
- connects to premotor cortices
3. Vestibulocerebellum: receive sensory input from vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
- involved in equilibrium, balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) - Answers :- collection of nuclei involved in initiation of
movement, learning & choice of movement repertoires, as well as in memory tasks.
(This is the primary site of dysfunction/etiology for Parkinson's disease - with loss of
dopaminergic neurons resulting in difficulty starting movements as well as tremor or
unwanted movements at rest)
- contain several diff nuclei tracts
- receives info from the entire cortex (NOT just certain regions)
- involved in decision making, emotion, eye mov't
- NO connections to spinal cord or descending tracts
Inhibitory/Excitatory Pathways (Ganglia) - Answers :1. Direct Pathway (stim. Thalamus
for mov't)
- inhibits rel of GABA which inhibits Thalamus
- stops inhibitory signal
2. Indirect Pathway (inhibits Thalamus mov't input)
- stim rel of GABA -> inhibit Thalamus
** balance btwn pathways = balanced, coordinated mov't
