Exam 1 BIO 360 Questions With Complete
Solutions
Be able to describe similarities and differences in
the neural systems of animals. Correct Answers At
a cellular level, they are very similar with the
resting membrane potential being due to a K+
diffusion potential, created by the Na+/K+ ATPase
and a K+ channel. Ion channels are responsible for
action potentials and are similar in all animals.
Be able to explain how changes in the membrane
potential, or opening or closing of ion channels in
the post-synaptic cell cause inhibition or
strengthening of a synapse. Correct Answers
Be able to explain the evidence that the eyes of
cephalopods and mammals represent a good
example of convergent evolution. Correct Answers
They both evolved independently but share similar
structure and function. We indicate the similarities
phenotypically but when it comes to gene
expression there are very few similarities.
Be able to explain the structure and function of the
blood:brain barrier. Correct Answers Epithelial
layer with tight junctions that separate brain and
cerebrospinal fluid from the general circulation.
The barrier is the walls of the brain capillaries.
Molecules like glucose and amino acids have to be
,transported by protein-meditated transport due to
the barrier. The barrier also protects from water
unless a transporter allows for it to pass.
calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution, such
as 100 mmol l-1 glucose or 100 mmol l-1 CaCl2
solutions. Correct Answers
characteristics of animals Correct Answers
Possession of mitochondria, heterotrophic, develop
from embryonic germ layers, reproduce sexually
compare and contrast the structure and function of
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system. Know the neurotransmitters used by each,
and their common effects on target tissues.
Correct Answers
Compare the function of lipid-soluble and water-
soluble signaling molecules. Know the steps for
how each of these control cellular function. Correct
Answers Lipid-soluble messengers bind to
receptors inside the target cell. The activated
receptor acts in the nucleus as a transcription
factor to alter the rate if transcription of specific
gene, resulting in a change in the concentration or
secretion of the proteins the genes encode.
, such as steroid & thyroid hormones. They are
intracellular receptors called "nuclear receptors"
that the receptor activation leads to altered rates
of transcriptionof one or more genes in a particular
cell. The messanger diffuses out of capillaries from
plasma to the intersistuial fluid, then across the
lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane and nuclear
evelop to enter the nucleus and bind to the
receptor there.
alter gene transcription by diffusing out of
capillaries to interstitial fluid. It then diffuses
through the lipid bilayer and binds to the receptor
in the nucleus. It then turns DNA into mRNA and
continues the transcription process.
Water-soluble signal molecules are (polypeptide
hormones neurotransmitters, paracrine and
autocrine compounds) and diffuse through the lipid
bilayer and bind to receptors in the plasma
membrane. They will bind to ligand-gated
channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, and G-protein
coupled receptors.
definition of an enzyme. What processes can
change the concentrations of enzymes in cells?
What processes can change the activity of
enzymes in cells? Correct Answers
Solutions
Be able to describe similarities and differences in
the neural systems of animals. Correct Answers At
a cellular level, they are very similar with the
resting membrane potential being due to a K+
diffusion potential, created by the Na+/K+ ATPase
and a K+ channel. Ion channels are responsible for
action potentials and are similar in all animals.
Be able to explain how changes in the membrane
potential, or opening or closing of ion channels in
the post-synaptic cell cause inhibition or
strengthening of a synapse. Correct Answers
Be able to explain the evidence that the eyes of
cephalopods and mammals represent a good
example of convergent evolution. Correct Answers
They both evolved independently but share similar
structure and function. We indicate the similarities
phenotypically but when it comes to gene
expression there are very few similarities.
Be able to explain the structure and function of the
blood:brain barrier. Correct Answers Epithelial
layer with tight junctions that separate brain and
cerebrospinal fluid from the general circulation.
The barrier is the walls of the brain capillaries.
Molecules like glucose and amino acids have to be
,transported by protein-meditated transport due to
the barrier. The barrier also protects from water
unless a transporter allows for it to pass.
calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution, such
as 100 mmol l-1 glucose or 100 mmol l-1 CaCl2
solutions. Correct Answers
characteristics of animals Correct Answers
Possession of mitochondria, heterotrophic, develop
from embryonic germ layers, reproduce sexually
compare and contrast the structure and function of
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system. Know the neurotransmitters used by each,
and their common effects on target tissues.
Correct Answers
Compare the function of lipid-soluble and water-
soluble signaling molecules. Know the steps for
how each of these control cellular function. Correct
Answers Lipid-soluble messengers bind to
receptors inside the target cell. The activated
receptor acts in the nucleus as a transcription
factor to alter the rate if transcription of specific
gene, resulting in a change in the concentration or
secretion of the proteins the genes encode.
, such as steroid & thyroid hormones. They are
intracellular receptors called "nuclear receptors"
that the receptor activation leads to altered rates
of transcriptionof one or more genes in a particular
cell. The messanger diffuses out of capillaries from
plasma to the intersistuial fluid, then across the
lipid bilayers of the plasma membrane and nuclear
evelop to enter the nucleus and bind to the
receptor there.
alter gene transcription by diffusing out of
capillaries to interstitial fluid. It then diffuses
through the lipid bilayer and binds to the receptor
in the nucleus. It then turns DNA into mRNA and
continues the transcription process.
Water-soluble signal molecules are (polypeptide
hormones neurotransmitters, paracrine and
autocrine compounds) and diffuse through the lipid
bilayer and bind to receptors in the plasma
membrane. They will bind to ligand-gated
channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, and G-protein
coupled receptors.
definition of an enzyme. What processes can
change the concentrations of enzymes in cells?
What processes can change the activity of
enzymes in cells? Correct Answers
