Test Bank- Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care{ 6th Edition} By Brian K. Walsh | All Chapters Included | Elaborated Answers | Updated

Test Bank for Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory
Care, 6th Edition
by Brian K. Walsh

,Chapter 1: Fetal Lung Development
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Test Bank
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1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized by the formationof
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a capillary network around airway passages?
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a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D C V




The canalicular phase follows the pseudoglandular phase, lasting from approximately 17 weeks
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to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of vascularchannels,
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or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around the air passages. Duri
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ng the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of gestation, the ai
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rway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system develops, ending with t
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he terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which takes place from weeks 29 to
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36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs thatlater become alveoli. During the
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saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential
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gas-
exchanging surface area occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




stage is arbitrary. The alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term.This stag
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e is represented by the establishment of alveoli.
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REF: pp. 3-5 C V CVCVC V




2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the alveoli that willb
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e present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 months CV




b. 1 year CV




c. 1.5 years CV




d. 2 years CV




ANS: C C V




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life. At 2
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years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2 yearsof age,
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males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the alveoli continu
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e to increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
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REF: p. 6 CV CV




3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress due to tracheal
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stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem develop?
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a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A C V

, The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in dev
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elopment during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis.
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Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by anabnormall CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




y low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during
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the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely),
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severe respiratory distress can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along
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with insufficient and immature surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
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constellation of problems known as infant respiratory distress syndrome. CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




REF: p. 6 CVCVC V CV




4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the possible association betweenoli
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gohydramnios and lung hypoplasia? CV CV CV




I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism CV CV




II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall CV CV CV CV CV




III. Interference with fetal breathing CV CV CV




IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid CV CV CV CV CV




a. I and III only CV CV CV




b. II and III only CV CV CV




c. I, II, and IV only CV CV CV CV




d. II, III, and IV only CV CV CV CV




ANS: D C V




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time, CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




with or without renal anomTaE lieSsT
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iaE
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gMhypoplasia. The mechanisms by whic CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CVCV




h amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possible explanations for
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reduced quantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of the chest wall, interferenc
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e with fetal breathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These clinical and experimental o
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bservations possibly point to a common denominator, lung stretch, as being amajor growth sti CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




mulant.

REF: pp. 6-7 CV CV




5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
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a. To increase the gas exchange surface area CV CV CV CV CV CV




b. To reduce surface tension CV CV CV




c. To maintain lung elasticity CV CV CV




d. To preserve the volume of the amniotic fluid CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




ANS: B C V




The primary role of mammalian surfactant is to lower the surface tension within the alveolus, sp
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ecifically at the air– CV CV CV




liquid interface. This allows the delicate structure of the alveolus to expand when filled with air.
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Without surfactant, the alveolus remains collapsed because of thehigh surface tension of the moi
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st alveolar surface. Surfactant is composed predominantly of an intricate blend of phospholipids
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, neutral lipids, and proteins.
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REF: p. 8 CV CV

, 6. Which of the following tests of the amniotic fluid have been shown to be sensitive indicatorsof l
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ung maturity? CV




a. Levels of prednisone CV CV




b. Levels of epidermal growth factor CV CV CV CV




c. Levels of prostaglandins CV CV




d. Levels of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine CV CV CV CV




ANS: D C V




Of clinical relevance during late gestation, analysis of amniotic fluid for the concentration ofph
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osphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of the s CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV CV




tate of fetal lung maturity.
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REF: p. 8 CV CV




7. Approximately how much fetal lung fluid is secreted daily?
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a. About 150 to 200 ml
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b. About 250 to 300 ml
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c. About 350 to 400 ml
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d. About 450 to 500 ml
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ANS: B CV




Fetal lungs are secretory organs that make breathing-
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like movements but serve no respiratory function before birth. They secrete
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about 250 to 300 ml of liquid per day.
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8. The lung bud emerges from which of the following structures?
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a. The pharynx
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b. The foregut
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c. The mesenchyme
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d. The tubular epithelium
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ANS: A CV




The embryonal phase includes primitive lung development and is generally regarded to encompass the first 2 month
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s of gestation.
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The lung begins to emerge as a bud from the pharynx 26 days after conception.
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