©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Biology 152 Final Exam Questions And
Answers 100% Pass
Biological population - ANS a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the
same place at the same time. capable of interbreeding and reproduction.
allele - ANS one of a number of different forms/versions of a gene.
formed as a result of mutation and genetic recombination IF THERE IS ALREADY AT LEAST 2
ALLELES
phenotype - ANS the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the
interaction of its genotype with the environment.
- different allele combos
genotype - ANS An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
- combo of alleles
DNA encodes info to turn it into phenotypes - ANS codes for a particular protein and
determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual
how DNA works - ANS DNA makes RNA, which makes Proteins, which makes an organism
Biological Fitness - ANS the ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring
relative to that ability in other individuals in the population
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NOT PHYSICAL FITNESS
adaptation - ANS biological mechanism in which organisms adjust to new environments or to
changes in their current environment. *RELATIVE*, better adapted better suited, involves
TRADE-OFFS, depends on environment and population
- trait that enhances fitness
-more adaptive=better suited
-process by which adaptive traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
- depends on environmental factors
PROCESS AND TRAITS
adaptation as a trait - ANS enhance fitness, promotes higher fitness
- a trait that enhances fitness
- a characteristic that promotes higher reproduction
adaptation as a process - ANS adaptive traits become more common in their population
- traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
evolution - ANS Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms
have descended from ancient organisms.
- built living world around us
*theory*
- cannot happen without variation
how are humans still evolving today - ANS evolution cant be stopped, everything is
constantly changing, we constantly have to adapt to changes. *wisdom teeth, appendix*
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
case study 1 - ANS skin color evolution in humans
- melanosomes hold melanin
- more eumelanin = darker skin color
- inner color= all the same
- outside= everyone is different
skin color evolved through natural selection
-wavelengths help us see color
-wavelengths reflect off of our skin top layer(melanin)
- individual genetic inheritance determines type of melanin in our melanosomes
- reddish yellow eumelanin= lightly pigmented people
- brown/black eumelanin= darker pigmented people
melanin color hair in animals and humans
-uv radiation penetrates living skin cells causing mutations(melanin protects from uv)
- melanin regulated temp, gives camp, helps recognize other species
-melanin production has increased with the evolution
- uv measurements taken from space> map of uv exposure throughout the world
- reflectometer to measure skin color( measures amount of light reflected back)
-uv intensity predicts skin color(equator=dark, poles=lighter)
- melanin production arose as different populations adapted biologically
- darker skin evolved (found in the genome) *MC1R*
- DNA sequence of MC1R shows evolution of darker skin, less alleles/diversity= darker skin
-MC1R=protein from pheomelanin to eumelanin
- diversity of allele in africann population = negative selection against alleles that would alter
dark skin, 1.2 million years
- One way that some animal species recognize potential mates is by color patterns produced by
melanin.
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
- Clusters of melanin molecules form a protective cover inside skin cells, reducing the amount
of UV radiation that can reach the DNA inside the nucleus.
- The relative concentrations of different types of melanin determine human skin and hair color.
- as temperature increases, the probability of colors across a birds wing decreases
- Uv intensity increases- darker skin tone - ANS all true
how does UV light influence and interact with people - ANS - can cause cancer
- able to enter into our cells
- can cause changes in our DNA
human race - ANS invention of humans that does not reflect real genetic groups, people
categorized by the MC1R gene. The vase majority of human genetic variation is found within
populations, not between them.
MC1R gene - ANS - less diverse # of alleles in equatorial African populations
- less diverse closer to the equator
trade offs - ANS a given trait may be adaptive in some ways and maladaptive in others such
as melanin providing protection for folate but also inhibiting the production of vitamin d
- evolution of all genes may be influenced by selective pressures
the need to protect folate - ANS has provided the selective pressure for specific alleles of
MC1R in geographic regions with high UV radiation
viable - ANS alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
theory - ANS speculative idea, unapproved assumption.
Scientific: an explanation that is well supported and established-not likely refutable, conceptual
framework that explains existing facts and predicts new ones.
Biology 152 Final Exam Questions And
Answers 100% Pass
Biological population - ANS a group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the
same place at the same time. capable of interbreeding and reproduction.
allele - ANS one of a number of different forms/versions of a gene.
formed as a result of mutation and genetic recombination IF THERE IS ALREADY AT LEAST 2
ALLELES
phenotype - ANS the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the
interaction of its genotype with the environment.
- different allele combos
genotype - ANS An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
- combo of alleles
DNA encodes info to turn it into phenotypes - ANS codes for a particular protein and
determines the traits (phenotype) of the individual
how DNA works - ANS DNA makes RNA, which makes Proteins, which makes an organism
Biological Fitness - ANS the ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring
relative to that ability in other individuals in the population
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NOT PHYSICAL FITNESS
adaptation - ANS biological mechanism in which organisms adjust to new environments or to
changes in their current environment. *RELATIVE*, better adapted better suited, involves
TRADE-OFFS, depends on environment and population
- trait that enhances fitness
-more adaptive=better suited
-process by which adaptive traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
- depends on environmental factors
PROCESS AND TRAITS
adaptation as a trait - ANS enhance fitness, promotes higher fitness
- a trait that enhances fitness
- a characteristic that promotes higher reproduction
adaptation as a process - ANS adaptive traits become more common in their population
- traits become more common in a population
- result of natural selection
evolution - ANS Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms
have descended from ancient organisms.
- built living world around us
*theory*
- cannot happen without variation
how are humans still evolving today - ANS evolution cant be stopped, everything is
constantly changing, we constantly have to adapt to changes. *wisdom teeth, appendix*
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
case study 1 - ANS skin color evolution in humans
- melanosomes hold melanin
- more eumelanin = darker skin color
- inner color= all the same
- outside= everyone is different
skin color evolved through natural selection
-wavelengths help us see color
-wavelengths reflect off of our skin top layer(melanin)
- individual genetic inheritance determines type of melanin in our melanosomes
- reddish yellow eumelanin= lightly pigmented people
- brown/black eumelanin= darker pigmented people
melanin color hair in animals and humans
-uv radiation penetrates living skin cells causing mutations(melanin protects from uv)
- melanin regulated temp, gives camp, helps recognize other species
-melanin production has increased with the evolution
- uv measurements taken from space> map of uv exposure throughout the world
- reflectometer to measure skin color( measures amount of light reflected back)
-uv intensity predicts skin color(equator=dark, poles=lighter)
- melanin production arose as different populations adapted biologically
- darker skin evolved (found in the genome) *MC1R*
- DNA sequence of MC1R shows evolution of darker skin, less alleles/diversity= darker skin
-MC1R=protein from pheomelanin to eumelanin
- diversity of allele in africann population = negative selection against alleles that would alter
dark skin, 1.2 million years
- One way that some animal species recognize potential mates is by color patterns produced by
melanin.
, ©EVERLY 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
- Clusters of melanin molecules form a protective cover inside skin cells, reducing the amount
of UV radiation that can reach the DNA inside the nucleus.
- The relative concentrations of different types of melanin determine human skin and hair color.
- as temperature increases, the probability of colors across a birds wing decreases
- Uv intensity increases- darker skin tone - ANS all true
how does UV light influence and interact with people - ANS - can cause cancer
- able to enter into our cells
- can cause changes in our DNA
human race - ANS invention of humans that does not reflect real genetic groups, people
categorized by the MC1R gene. The vase majority of human genetic variation is found within
populations, not between them.
MC1R gene - ANS - less diverse # of alleles in equatorial African populations
- less diverse closer to the equator
trade offs - ANS a given trait may be adaptive in some ways and maladaptive in others such
as melanin providing protection for folate but also inhibiting the production of vitamin d
- evolution of all genes may be influenced by selective pressures
the need to protect folate - ANS has provided the selective pressure for specific alleles of
MC1R in geographic regions with high UV radiation
viable - ANS alive and generally able to survive typical conditions
theory - ANS speculative idea, unapproved assumption.
Scientific: an explanation that is well supported and established-not likely refutable, conceptual
framework that explains existing facts and predicts new ones.
