BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 9
transcriptional regulation is key to provid-
ing the cell with the correct ____ of gene amount; time
product at the correct ______
transcriptional regulators like transcrip-
tion factors can have dramatic effects on expression
gene _________
transcriptional regulation underlies cell
________ and _____ and employs a differentiation; development
wide range of mechanisms
the RNA polymerase holoenzyme can
transcribe any gene that has a functional promoter
__________
one level of regulation is promoter
strength
_________
most regulation comes from targeted
1. at transcription initiation
gene regulation:
2. at elongation or termination
1.
3. regulation from the transcribed RNA
2.
itself
3.
regulatory proteins that decrease the lev-
el of transcripts for certain genes are repressors
called _____
proteins that increase transcription are
activators
______
many genes are regulated by proteins
that bind near the gene, most often upstream
_____ of the promoter
________ _______ are specific DNA re-
regulatory sequences
gions to which regulatory proteins bind
regulatory sequences can be directly up-
promoter
stream of the ________ or many kb away
in bacteria, sequences are recognized
by regulators called _______ ____ and
operator sites
are typically close to the promoter or
overlapping it
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 9
if operators are distal to the gene, the
DNA must _____ for the regulatory pro-
tein to interact with the polymerase, loop
sometimes aided by architectural DNA
binding proteins
eukaryotic genes are more often con-
trolled by distal regulatory sequences
than bacterial genes. these can be sev- enhancers
eral thousand base pairs away and are
called ________
regulatory sequences frequently bind
several regulatory proteins - this increas-
sophistication; subtlety
es the _______ and ______ of the regu-
lation
enhancers can be ____ or _____ of the
upstream; downstream
gene
as in bacteria, distal sequences regulate
looping
gene expression by _____
_______ control regions are found in
locus
more complex eukaryotes
locus control regions (LCRs) have a
combination of _____ and ______ ele- enhancer; insulator
ments
________ genes are controlled by a lo-
beta-globin
cus control region
several proteins bind to the LCR. this
recruits extra proteins and ____ gene activates
transcription
DNA looping may bring the bound pro-
teins to the promoter and encourage as-
transcription initiation complex
sembly of the __________ _________
_________
regulatory proteins must be able to
specifically recognize the correct regula- sequence
tory ______
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 9
each regulator has a DNA binding do-
sequence
main that recognizes a specific ______
regulatory proteins are often modular
and can have additional domains that: 1. aid oligomerization
1. 2. activate or repress transcription
2. 3. interact with other regulators
3.
eukaryotic regulators often control tran-
scription by recruitment of _____ or co-activators; co-repressors
______
co-activators and co-repressors cannot
_____ DNA alone, but are recruited by bind
specific regulatory proteins
________ conditions can affect the tran-
changing
scription of many genes
small molecules can bind directly to
the regulatory proteins and change their
allosteric effectors
conformation - these are _________
________
undergoes a massive shape change in
allosteric
response to something else
________ is an allosteric effector estrogen
__________ or other covalent modifica-
tions can also change how regulatory phosphorylation
proteins interact
modifications, along with regulator
abundance and localization, serve to regulation
fine-tune ______ of gene expression
_______ structure has a crucial role in
chromatin
eukaryotic transcription
__________ chromatin tends to be ac-
tively transcribed, whereas levels of tran- hyperacetylated; hypoacetylated
scription are low in ________ chromatin
acetyltransferases
transcriptional regulation is key to provid-
ing the cell with the correct ____ of gene amount; time
product at the correct ______
transcriptional regulators like transcrip-
tion factors can have dramatic effects on expression
gene _________
transcriptional regulation underlies cell
________ and _____ and employs a differentiation; development
wide range of mechanisms
the RNA polymerase holoenzyme can
transcribe any gene that has a functional promoter
__________
one level of regulation is promoter
strength
_________
most regulation comes from targeted
1. at transcription initiation
gene regulation:
2. at elongation or termination
1.
3. regulation from the transcribed RNA
2.
itself
3.
regulatory proteins that decrease the lev-
el of transcripts for certain genes are repressors
called _____
proteins that increase transcription are
activators
______
many genes are regulated by proteins
that bind near the gene, most often upstream
_____ of the promoter
________ _______ are specific DNA re-
regulatory sequences
gions to which regulatory proteins bind
regulatory sequences can be directly up-
promoter
stream of the ________ or many kb away
in bacteria, sequences are recognized
by regulators called _______ ____ and
operator sites
are typically close to the promoter or
overlapping it
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 9
if operators are distal to the gene, the
DNA must _____ for the regulatory pro-
tein to interact with the polymerase, loop
sometimes aided by architectural DNA
binding proteins
eukaryotic genes are more often con-
trolled by distal regulatory sequences
than bacterial genes. these can be sev- enhancers
eral thousand base pairs away and are
called ________
regulatory sequences frequently bind
several regulatory proteins - this increas-
sophistication; subtlety
es the _______ and ______ of the regu-
lation
enhancers can be ____ or _____ of the
upstream; downstream
gene
as in bacteria, distal sequences regulate
looping
gene expression by _____
_______ control regions are found in
locus
more complex eukaryotes
locus control regions (LCRs) have a
combination of _____ and ______ ele- enhancer; insulator
ments
________ genes are controlled by a lo-
beta-globin
cus control region
several proteins bind to the LCR. this
recruits extra proteins and ____ gene activates
transcription
DNA looping may bring the bound pro-
teins to the promoter and encourage as-
transcription initiation complex
sembly of the __________ _________
_________
regulatory proteins must be able to
specifically recognize the correct regula- sequence
tory ______
, BCHM 4360 Exam 2 Chapter 9
each regulator has a DNA binding do-
sequence
main that recognizes a specific ______
regulatory proteins are often modular
and can have additional domains that: 1. aid oligomerization
1. 2. activate or repress transcription
2. 3. interact with other regulators
3.
eukaryotic regulators often control tran-
scription by recruitment of _____ or co-activators; co-repressors
______
co-activators and co-repressors cannot
_____ DNA alone, but are recruited by bind
specific regulatory proteins
________ conditions can affect the tran-
changing
scription of many genes
small molecules can bind directly to
the regulatory proteins and change their
allosteric effectors
conformation - these are _________
________
undergoes a massive shape change in
allosteric
response to something else
________ is an allosteric effector estrogen
__________ or other covalent modifica-
tions can also change how regulatory phosphorylation
proteins interact
modifications, along with regulator
abundance and localization, serve to regulation
fine-tune ______ of gene expression
_______ structure has a crucial role in
chromatin
eukaryotic transcription
__________ chromatin tends to be ac-
tively transcribed, whereas levels of tran- hyperacetylated; hypoacetylated
scription are low in ________ chromatin
acetyltransferases
