N3280 Final Exam
Final Exam Study Pack (2025) MOST RECENT COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS | A+ VERIFIED | MULTIPLE CHOICE!!
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste removal? -
volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - maintain composition and volume of body fluids, filter and
excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are needed, and excrete waste
product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - remove the end products of metabolism, such as urea, creatinine,
and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and regulate fluid balance
What does each nephron consist of? - complicated system of arterioles, capillaries, and tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - approximately 1 million in each kidney
Bladder - smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal layer, the middle
circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Function of the sphincter - guards opening between urinary bladder and urethra
Function of the urethra - convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - located below the urethra of a male
,True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - true. there is no
portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - the nerve centers for this are located in
the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - detrusor muscle contracts
internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or disease
Urinary incontinence - any involuntary loss of urine
Dysuria - painful or difficult urination
Frequency - increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - awakening at night to urinate
, anuria - 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - excessive urination
proteinuria - protein in the urine
Hematuria - blood in the urine
glycosuria - glucose in the urine
pyuria - pus in the urine
Urgency - strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - voiding at night
Factors affecting micturation - developmental considerations
food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
Final Exam Study Pack (2025) MOST RECENT COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS | A+ VERIFIED | MULTIPLE CHOICE!!
How often does the body's total blood volume pass through the kidneys for waste removal? -
volume passes through in 30 minutes
Function of the Kidneys/Ureters - maintain composition and volume of body fluids, filter and
excrete blood constituents not needed and retain those that are needed, and excrete waste
product (urine)
How do the nephrons work? - remove the end products of metabolism, such as urea, creatinine,
and uric acid from the blood plasma and urine. They also maintain and regulate fluid balance
What does each nephron consist of? - complicated system of arterioles, capillaries, and tubules
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - approximately 1 million in each kidney
Bladder - smooth muscle sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine
Detrusor muscle - three layers of muscle tissue called the inner longitudinal layer, the middle
circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer
Function of the sphincter - guards opening between urinary bladder and urethra
Function of the urethra - convey urine from the bladder to exterior of body
Where is the prostate gland located? - located below the urethra of a male
,True or false: No portion of the female urethra is external to the body? - true. there is no
portion exposed
What are the parts of a male urethra? - prostatic, membranous, and cavernous portions
It is approximately 5 1/2 to 6 1/4 inches long
Act of urination (micturation) - the process of emptying the bladder
Where are the nerve centers for urination situated? - the nerve centers for this are located in
the brain and spinal cord
Process of emptying the bladder - detrusor muscle contracts
internal sphincter relaxes
urine enters posterior urethra
muscles of perineum and external sphincter relax
muscles of abdominal wall contracts slightly
diaphragm lowers, micturation occurs
Autonomic bladder - bladder no longer controlled by the brain due to injury or disease
Urinary incontinence - any involuntary loss of urine
Dysuria - painful or difficult urination
Frequency - increased incidence of voiding
nocturia - awakening at night to urinate
, anuria - 24 hour urine output is less than 50 mL
oliguria - 24 hour urine output is less than 400 mL
polyuria - excessive urination
proteinuria - protein in the urine
Hematuria - blood in the urine
glycosuria - glucose in the urine
pyuria - pus in the urine
Urgency - strong desire to void urine
urinary incontinence - involuntary loss of urine
nocturia - voiding at night
Factors affecting micturation - developmental considerations
food and fluid intake
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
psychological variables
