Educational Leadership Fundamentals Test 2025

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs - -1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work). 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development - -a. Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope) • infancy through year two of life; child learns trust through the care, love and nurture he receives b. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) • 18 months until about 4 years old; child expresses autonomy c. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) • 3 ½ to 5 years old; "play age;" child engages in creativity and imagination d. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) • school aged (5 to 12 years old); interaction with peers; understands rules and procedures; learns self-discipline e. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) • adolescence (13 - 20 years old); self identity f. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) • long lasting friendships; marriage g. Learning Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care) • Work, parenthood, marriage h. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) • Able to look at one's life and be proud of what one has accomplished Kolb's learning process - -a. Experience: having a concrete experience b. Observation: observation of and reflection on that experience c. Conceptualization: the formation of abstract concepts (analysis) and generalizations (conclusions) d. Test: test hypothesis in future situations, resulting in new experiences Jean Piaget's developmental stages for children - -a. Sensorimotor - The idea that an object is still present, even if hidden. b. Preoperational - Children are able to think about things symbolically and given a meaning to an object. c. Concrete Operational - Concrete Thinking is thinking about actual experiences and tangible things. d. Formal Operational - Abstract Thinking is thinking about ideas and concepts apart from their concrete existence. Vygotsky's learning theories - -Based on the social experiences a person has; learning from others, a more knowledgeable adult; and interaction with peers. B.F. Skinner () - -This theorist found that when you have a pleasant experience, such as receiving a compliment you internalize the experience as positive. This is known as operant conditioning, or the theory of behaviorism. They used rewards and punishments to control students, because they believed that by controlling the environment, they would produce well‐educated students. Sensorimotor Stage - -In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Preoperational Stage - -In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Concrete Operational Stage - -In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Formal Operational Stage - -In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - -Stage 1: Obedience and punishment. Stage 2: Self-interest. Stage 3: Interpersonal accord and conformity. Stage 4: Authority and maintaining social order. Stage 5: Social contract. Stage 6: Universal ethical principles. Froebel - -This theorist developed the idea for kindergarten based on the belief that children learned best through play. He is credited with creating the first kindergarten. Alfred Adler - -This theorist stressed the importance of nurturing feelings of belonging and striving for superiority. cognitive development - -development of a child's thinking and reasoning ability. Physical development - -development based on growth of the body Social development - -development based on the environment and relationships Emotional development - -development of feelings about oneself and other people. It is also about the growth of confidence and independence. Characteristics of Different Developmental Stages - -1. Infancy (0-1 year) 2. Early Childhood (1-3 years) 3. Preschool (3-6 years) 4. School Age (6-12 years) 5. Adolescence and early adulthood - Social and emotional issues 1) Adolescence is a roller coaster of a time, and these difficulties often manifest themselves in various ways in the classroom. 2) Sexism, racism, and homophobia will often appear in many ways as the students are going through puberty and are enjoying the novelty of these issues. 3) It is important to maintain a safe environment in any classroom, therefore these sorts of comments should not be tolerated, a fact which should be made clear from the start. It is important for future educators to study development because - -1. Having a basic understanding of child behavior will help them understand what students are doing and why. 2. It will also help them know how to interact with the students, help them plan activities and help them understand the behavior of the students they are teaching. 3. Knowledge of normal growth patterns can help identify significant discrepancies that may signal a developmental delay. Developmental delay is a noticeable lag in a particular aspect of development. Learning Styles - -preferred methods of absorbing and processing information. 1. Visual 2. Oral 3. Tactile-Kinesthetic Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences - -Logical-mathematical intelligence - "Number/reasoning smart" Linguistic intelligence - "word smart" Spatial Intelligence - "picture smart" Musical Intelligence - "Music smart" Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence - "body smart" Intrapersonal Intelligence - "self smart" Interpersonal Intelligence - "people smart" Naturalistic intelligence - "nature smart" Discovery learning theory of Bruner and Piaget - -Defined the process by which learning occurs through one's own efforts. Happens in the classroom through structured activities that require students to discover important relationships between ideas or concepts by manipulation, investigation, and exploration. Requires higher order thinking