NSG-533
Exam Full Guide + Responses
5 essential components of pathophysiology - 1. Etiology (causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms)
4. Clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury - 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury - 1. Since not enough oxygen
is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of their
proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death - 1. Impaired energy (ATP)
production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
,3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired - 1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury - 1. The effect of free radicals (reactive oxygen
species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements) - 1. Fat
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium - 1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis - Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis - Fragmentation of the nuclear material
, Karyolysis - Dissolution of the nuclear material
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis - 1. Apoptosis triggered by internal signals: the intrinsic
or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
Current TBW for water deficit - weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW - (current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit - (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess - weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants)
Water excess - weight (kg) X (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants) x (1 - [Na/125])
Serum osmolality - OSM (calc) = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] +
[BUN/2.8]
Corrected serum sodium - Corrected sodium = 1.6 mEq/L X (every increase of 100 mg/dl in
glucose concentration over 100)
5 mechanisms of edema formation - 1. Increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
Exam Full Guide + Responses
5 essential components of pathophysiology - 1. Etiology (causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms)
4. Clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms, and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
7 general mechanisms of cell injury - 1. ATP depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
4. Membrane damage (depletion of ATP)
5. Protein folding defects
6. DNA damage defects
7. Calcium level alterations
3 cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced hypoxic injury - 1. Since not enough oxygen
is reaching the cell, the amount of ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. When ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation declines, glycolysis (anaerobic
metabolism) increases
3. The decline in pH leads to rupture of already swollen lysosomes and release of their
proteolytic enzymes = autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane
4 A&P occurrences that characterize all cell injury and death - 1. Impaired energy (ATP)
production
2. Direct cell membrane damage/injury
,3. Genetic alteration
4. Metabolic derangements
4 critical points at which ATP production may be impaired - 1. Hypoxia (the most common)
2. Hypoglycemia (far less common than hypoxia)
3. Inhibition of enzymes within the cell (extremely rare)
4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation (extremely rare)
5 forms of direct cell membrane damage/injury - 1. The effect of free radicals (reactive oxygen
species)
2. Activation of the complement system
3. Lysis by enzymes
4. Lysis by viruses
5. Physical and chemical stressors
2 forms of endogenous accumulations (metabolic derangements) - 1. Fat
2. Bilirubin
4 effects of free cytosolic calcium - 1. Activation of protein kinases
2. Activation of phospholipases with phospholipid degradation and loss
3. Activation of proteases
4. Activation of endonuclease
Pyknosis - Clumping of nuclear material
Karyorrhexis - Fragmentation of the nuclear material
, Karyolysis - Dissolution of the nuclear material
3 mechanisms involved in apoptosis - 1. Apoptosis triggered by internal signals: the intrinsic
or mitochondrial pathway
2. Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway
3. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
Current TBW for water deficit - weight in kg x (0.4 for women, 0.5 for men, 0.6 for infants)
Ideal TBW - (current Na X TBW) / 140
Water deficit - (Current Na X TBW) / 140 - TBW
Current TBW for water excess - weight in kg (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants)
Water excess - weight (kg) X (0.5 for women, 0.6 for men, 0.7 for infants) x (1 - [Na/125])
Serum osmolality - OSM (calc) = 2 X [sodium concentration] + [glucose concentration/18] +
[BUN/2.8]
Corrected serum sodium - Corrected sodium = 1.6 mEq/L X (every increase of 100 mg/dl in
glucose concentration over 100)
5 mechanisms of edema formation - 1. Increased capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction/dysfunction
